人格的心得体会8篇

通过心得体会的写作，可以很好的记录我们内心的感悟，为了写好一篇别出心裁的体会，相信大家一定都认真思考了，以下是大爱范文网小编精心为您推荐的人格的心得体会8篇，供大家参考。

人格的心得体会篇1

追求卓越是老师专业成长的最高境界，教育永无止境，教师的成长更是永无止境。每一份工作都有压力，特别是我们的教育事业，有教学工作的压力，有学生安全的压力等。但无论如何，有任务就有压力，我们要正确看待任务，欢心接受任务。对待任务态度正确，即使没有成功的经验，也有失败的教训，成功和失败都是一笔很大的财富。

此次华东师范大学的卓越教师培训，涵盖了教师的情绪与管理应对、高端教师职业生涯规划与专业发展、教师语言的艺术、学科教学中的深度思维培养、课堂观察与评价、教师如何进行教学资源的评价、指尖上的高效教学与创新课堂等，还观摩了上海浦东模范中学的特色学校课堂，此次学习让我受益匪浅。

对于一名教师，尤其是一名不懈追求的教师而言，要想独具魅力、走向卓越，我认为，也要经历以下方面的修炼与锻造。

一、丰富自己的教学经验。

作为教师，传道授业方为根本。著名特级教师于漪曾说：“一堂好课，是用‘心’上出来的”。亲其师信其道，要让学生因你的魅力而喜欢你的课堂，因你的课堂而爱上你的风采。这就需要教师静心阅读文本、潜心钻研教材、精心设计课堂，创设学生喜闻乐见的教学情境，让学生亲身经历知识的形成过程，充分调动他们学习的积极性与主动性。在平时，我们要虚心学习，借助专家的引领、同伴的互助、自身的勤奋，打造自己独特的魅力课堂。欣赏名师课堂、研究教学艺术、反思自身素质，是我一直坚持不懈的奋斗历程。唯有情感撞击、方有心灵对话，才能把学生紧紧吸引在自己周围，用自身的魅力感染学生，抚育心灵。

二、要有浓厚的文化底蕴。

“教师要给学生一碗水，自己须有一桶源源不断的活水。”活水的源头，则是教师深厚的文化底蕴。而读书，则是提高教师素养的最重要的途径，也是教师专业成长的生命状态。因为读书，让我们开阔视野、增长才气、激活灵气。我们只有不停地读书，才能拥有源头活水滋润学生求知若渴的心田；只有不停地读书，才能打下深厚的精神底蕴，引领学生丰富的精神境界。读读经典名著，聆听古今中外教育大师不朽的声音；看看学术前沿，了解教育同行对前沿问题的思考与探索；翻翻文学作品，徜徉于人类精神文明的长廊，在叩问心灵的同时，沐浴智慧、充实自我。

三、要善于反思

众多功成名就，或者正在成长中的优秀教师，总是以极大的热情和严谨的实践不断追求着教育工作的完美。他们的身上，都闪烁着自我挑战精神所催生出的各种优秀品质的光芒。其中重要的一条就是——善于反思。当一个教师缺乏反思时，他的行动往往是盲目的；只有不断检验、鉴别和完善自己的思想时，教师的行动才走向了自觉。正是“为实践而反思，对实践的反思，在反思中实践”的专业自觉，让教师在行为上表现为从被动接受走向主动发展，从自在的人走向自为的人，从而提高工作成绩。

四、有强烈的科研意识。

“教而不研则浅，研而不教则浮。”作为教师，不仅仅满足做一名教书匠，要把教学实践与科学研究相结合，让实践助力理论的提升，让理论检验实践的正确。目前，科研已经成为一种自觉自愿的教育精神，是教师成长发展的“同义词”。我们工作的每一个细节都可以作为课题，都值得研究。把教育教学不能看成是简单的完成任务的过程，而是探索教育规律的研究过程，则我们的工作就显得平凡而伟大，大有文章可做。不仅如此，我们还应当养成记录自己平时思想火花的习惯，与习作牵手，与思考为伴，一次联想、一回顿悟、一缕思绪、一个念头，都是我们记录的好材料，以随笔的形式整理与提升，大胆提炼自己的“一家之言”，成就自身发展。

五、能走进学生的心灵

尊重学生的人格与尊严，尊重学生的爱好与选择，尊重学生的思想与观念。没有尊重，一切教育都会变成无源之水、无本之木。尊重学生的个性。个性就意味着创造性，越是尊重学生的个性，学生在未来就越有创造性。换位思考，理解学生。理解是走进学生心灵的桥梁。在尊重和信任的基础上，用学生的眼睛观察世界，用学生的心灵体会世界，用学生所处的位置判断世界。这样才能真正理解学生，走进学生的心灵。

培训是短暂的，但收获是充实的。让我站在了一个崭新的平台上审视了我的教学，使我对今后的工作有了明确的方向。这一次研修学习活动后，我要把所学的教学理念，咀嚼、消化，内化为自己的教学思想，指导自己的教学实践。要不断搜集教育信息，学习教育理论，增长专业知识。

以上就是差异网为大家整理的7篇《教师人格魅力心得体会》，希望对您有一些参考价值，更多范文样本、模板格式尽在差异网。

人格的心得体会篇2

疫情期间学校组织教师在线观看了刘良华教授的《教师职业道德与人格魅力》视频之后，作为一名美术教师，我颇有感触——教师的职责是教书育人，教师是知识的传授者，更是引导学生如何做人的引路人。教师要时刻想着学生，一切为了学生。我们的一节课才40分钟，对学生来说是极其宝贵的，所以我授课的原则是“向40分钟要效果”，尽力使课堂学习效果最大化。当然，这就需要在课前认真备课，特别是对于专业课程，还要在课外多与学生交流，了解学生对背景知识的掌握情况。然后对没有学过的和掌握差的学生进行课外辅导补课，使他们能尽快赶上学习，绝不能不分情况地一味灌输，工夫到了，教学效果自然就有了。

师德的表现是多方面的，教师经常与学生在一起，教师对工作的态度，对学生的态度、对社会的看法，甚至其举止等等，其一言一行都会对学生产生影响。所以，我们要时刻规范自己的行为举止，为人表率。如上课时要衣冠整洁，精神饱满，不可将个人丝毫的不良情绪表现在课堂上。更不可在课堂上发牢骚，抱怨学校或贬损其他老师。否则，不仅会对学生产生不良影响，同时也会影响自己在学生心目中的形象。所以，教师的责任绝不是仅仅是讲几节课。

新时代的教师，更需要本身具有更高深、更全面可以说，教师是除家长外，对学生的成长影响最大的人。一个教师只有有良好的师德，才能认真对待教学工作，才能取得良好的教学效果，才能得到学生的认可。

人格的心得体会篇3

第一部分：中国节日

一．春节spring festival

二．元宵节the lantern festival

三．端午节dragon boat festival

四．中秋节mid-autumn festival

五．七夕节qiqiao festival （the chinese valentine’s day）

第二部分 中国文化元素

一. 长城（the great wall）

二. 饺子（dumplings）

三. 筷子（chinese chopsticks）

四. 中国功夫（chinese kung fu）

五. 汉字（chinese characters）

六. 秧歌舞（yangko）

七. 针灸（acupuncture）

八. 中国龙（chinese dragon）

九. 中国印章（chinese seal）

十. 京剧（chinese beijing opera）

十一. 中国成语（chinese idioms）

十二. 丝绸（silk）

十三.中国园林 chinese classical garden

十四.文房四宝（the four treasures of the study）

十五. 中国印章（chinese seal）

十六. 天干地支（chinese era）

十七．中国画（the chinese paitings）

十八.中西医(chinese medicine)

十九．书法艺术（the art of calligraphy ）

二十.放风筝（kite-flying）

第三部分、中华习俗

一．餐桌礼仪table manners（1）

二．餐桌礼仪table manners（2）

三.中国人崇尚的颜色china’s favorite colors

四．喝茶the tea-drinking（1）

五.the tea-drinking（2） 喝茶

六．the secret of numbers 数字的秘密

七．美食的色相the color of food

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⑴it falls on the first day of the first lunar month（阴历正月）.

⑵people follow many national and local customs.

⑶we paste spring poems (贴春联)with luck words on the door.

⑷we eat delicious food with symbolic values（有象征意义的美味食品），for example, chicken for good luck.

⑸we exchange greetings with friends and relatives.

⑹people may give children lucky money in red paper.

⑴阴历的正月初一是春节。

⑵人们延续很多传统习俗。

⑶我们在门上贴春联。

⑷我们吃有象征意义的美味食品，比如鸡肉。

⑸我们相互拜年问候。

⑹人们给小孩压岁钱。

⑴it comes on the 15th of the first lunar month.

⑵it marks the end of the spring festival.

⑶on that day, people eat sweet dumplings for good luck.

⑷special activities include the display of lanterns（灯笼）and riddle solving（猜灯谜）.

⑴元宵节在农历的正月十五。

⑵它标志着春节的结束。

⑶那一天，人们吃汤圆，以求吉祥如意。

⑷有些特色的活动，比如观灯、猜灯谜。

⑴it is also called tomb-sweeping day. it comes on april 4th or 5th .

⑵in chinese qingming means “clear and bright”.

⑶it is a day for the living to show love and respect to dead frends, relatives and ancestors.

⑷people will sweep the tombs, light incense, put meats, vegetables, wine in front of the tomb .

⑸besides, people burn paper money for the dead to use in afterlife.

⑴清明节也叫“扫墓节”，实在4月4日或5日。

⑵在汉语中 “清明”是“clear and bright”的意思。

⑶那一天寄托了对死去的亲朋好友和祖先的感情和尊敬。

⑷人们在墓前扫墓、点香烛、放上酒肉等。

⑸除此之外，人们烧纸钱，供他们在死后使用。

⑴it is on the fifth of the fifth lunar month.

⑵it honours the famous ancient poet, qu yuan.

⑶people gather to watch the colorful “dragon boat races”(龙舟比赛).

⑷people eat rice dumpings on that day.

⑴端午节在农历五月初五。

⑵端午节是为了纪念古代诗人——屈原。

⑶人们聚在一起看龙舟比赛。

⑷人们在那一天吃粽子。

the dragon boat festival is one of three major chinese holidays, along with the spring and moon festivals. of the three, it is possibly the oldest, dating back to the warring states period in 227 b.c. the festival commemorates qu yuan, a minister in the service of the chu emperor. despairing over corruption at court, qu threw himself into a river. townspeople jumped into their boats and tried in vain to save him. then, hoping to distract hungry fish from his body, the people scattered rice on the water.

端午节与春节和中秋节并列为中国三大节日。这三个节日中，它可能是最古老的一个，可以追溯到公元前227年的战国时代。这个节日是为了纪念楚国的大夫屈原，他因为对朝廷的贪污腐败感到绝望而投河自尽。镇上的人纷纷冲上船去救他，却没有成功。后来大

把米撒到水里，希望把饥饿的鱼群从他的躯体边引开。

over the years, the story of qu’s demise transformed into the traditions of racing dragon boats and eating zongzi -a kind of rice wrapped in bamboo leaves.

多年以后，屈原逝世的故事逐渐演变成赛龙舟和吃粽子(一种包在竹叶中的米食)的传统。

⑴in 278 bc, he heard the news that qin troops had finally conquered chu’s capital, so he finished his last piece huai sha (embracing sand) and plunged himself into the miluo river,clasping his arms to a large stone.the day happened to be the 5th of the 5th month in the chinese lunar calendar.after his death,the people of chu crowded to the bank of the river to pay their respects to him.the fishemen sailed their boats up and down the river to look for his body.people threw into the water zongzi （pyramid-shaped glutinous rice dumplings wrapped in read or bamboo leaves） and eggs to pert possible fish or shrimp from attacking his body.

an old doctor poured a jug of realgar wine (chinese liquor seasoned with realgar) in to the water,hoping to turn all aquatic beasts drunk.that’s why people later followed the customs such as dragon boat racing,eating zongzi and drinking realgar wine on that day.

公元前278年，当他听到秦国军队已经攻破楚国国都的消息后，写完最后一篇诗篇《怀沙》后抱石投汩罗江自尽。这一天正是农历五月初五。他死后，楚国人民跑到河岸来悼念他，渔民们划船遍河寻找他的尸体。人们把粽子和鸡蛋投入水中防止鱼虾伤害他的身体。一位老郎中还把一壹雄黄洒倒入水中，希望能药晕昏蛟龙水兽。这就是后来人们为什么在这一天赛龙舟，吃粽子，喝雄黄酒。

⑵dragon boat racing is an indispensable part of the festival,held all over the country.as the gun is fired,people will see racers in dragon-shaped pulling the oars harmoniously and hurriedly,accompanied by rapid drums,speeding toward their destination.folk tales say the game originates from the activities of seeking qu yuan’s body.

赛龙舟是这个节日不可工缺的一部分。当发令枪打响后，人们就能看到坐在龙舟的赛手们在急促鼓点的伴随下齐心协力摇桨驶向他们的目的地。民间故事说这个赛事的起源是寻找屈原的尸体。

⑶zongzi is an essential food of the dragon boat festival.it is said that people ate them in the spring and autumn period (770-476 bc). in early time,it was only glutnous rice dumplings wrapped in reed or other plant leaves and tied with colored thread,but now the fillings are more persified,including jujube and bean paste,fresh meat,and ham and egg yolk,if time permist,people will soak glutinous rice,wash reed leaves and wrap up zongzi themselves.otherwise,they will go to shops to buy whatever stuff they want.the custom of eating zongzi is now popular in north and south korea,japan and southeast asian nations.

粽子是端午的一种必备食品，所说人们在春秋时代就开始吃它（公元前770-476年）。最开始是，它只是用箬叶和彩线包起来的糯米。但是现在在填充物就很丰富了，有枣子和豆沙的，鲜肉的，还有火腿蛋黄的。如果时间允许，人们会自己泡糯米，洗箬叶，包粽子。一然他们变会到商店买来自己想吃的粽子。现在粽子的习俗已经风靡朝鲜、南韩、日本以及东南亚各国。

⑴it is on the 15th of the eighth lunar month.

⑵people gaze at（观赏）the “lady in the moon”(嫦娥) , eat moon cakes for family reunion and happiness.

⑴中秋节在农历的八月十五。

⑵人们在那一天家人团圆，一起赏月、吃月饼。

⑴folklore about the origin of the festival go like this:in remote antiquity, there were ten suns rising in the sky, which scorched all crops and drove people into dire poverty. a hero named hou yi was much worried about this,he ascended to the top of the kunlun mountain and,directing his superhuman strength to full extent, drew his extraordinary bow and shot down the nine superfluous suns one after another. he also ordered the last sun to rise and set according to time. for this reason, he was pespected and loved by the people and lots of people of ideals and integrity came to him to learn martial arts from him. a person named peng meng lurked in them.

相传，远古时候天上有10个太阳同时出现，晒得庄稼枯死，民不聊生，一个名叫后羿的英雄，力大无穷，他同情受苦的百姓，登上昆仑山顶，运足神力，拉开神弓，一气射下9个太阳，并严令最后一个太阳按时起落，为民造福。后羿因此受到了百姓的尊敬和爱戴，不少志士慕名前来投师学艺，心术不正的蓬蒙也混了进来。

⑵hou yi had a beautifull and kindhearted wife named chang e.one day in his way to the kunlun mountain to call on friends,he ran upon the empress of heaven wangmu who was passing by.empress wangmu presented to him a parcel of elixir,by taking which,it was said,one would ascend immediately to heaven and become a celestial being.hou yi,however,hated to part with his wife.so he gave the elixir to chang e to treasure ror the time being.chang e hid parcel in a treasure box at her dressing table when,unexpectedly,it was seen by peng meng.

后羿有一个美丽的妻子叫 “嫦娥”，一天后羿到昆仑山访友求道，巧遇由此经过的王母娘娘，便向王母娘娘求得一包一死药。所说，服下此药，即刻升天成仙。然而，后羿舍不得撇下妻子，只好暂时把不死药交给嫦娥珍藏。嫦娥将药藏进梳妆台的百宝匣里，不料被小人蓬蒙看见了。

⑶one day when hou yi led his disciples to go hunting,peng meng,sword in hand,rushed into the inner chamber and forced chang e to hand over the elixir,aware that she was unable tl defeat peng meng,chang e mabe a prompt decision at that critical moment.she turned round to open her treasure box,took up the elixir and swallowed it in one gulp.as soon as she swallowed the elixir her body floated off the ground,dashed out of the window and flew towards heaven.peng meng escaped.

一天，后羿众徒外出狩猎，蓬蒙手持宝剑闯入内宅后院，威逼嫦娥交出不死药。嫦娥知道自己不是蓬蒙的对手，危急之时她当机立断，转身打开百宝匣，拿出不死药一口吞了下去。嫦娥吞下药，身子立刻飘离地面、冲出窗口，向天上飞去。蓬蒙便借机逃走了。

⑷when hou yi returned home at dark,he knew from the maidservants what had happened overcome with grief,hou yi looked up into the night sky and called out the name or his beloved wife when,to his surprise, he found that the moon was especially clear and bight and no it there was a swaying shadow that was exactly like his wife.he treid his best to chase after the moon.but as he ran,the moon retreated;as he withdrew,the moon came back. he could not get to the moon at all.

傍晚，率众徒回到家，侍女们哭诉了白天发生的事。后羿气得捶胸顿足，悲痛欲绝，仰望着夜空呼唤爱妻的名字，这时他惊奇发现，今天的月亮格外皎洁明亮，而且有个晃动的身影酷似嫦娥。他拼命朝月亮追去，可是他追三步，月亮退三步。他退三步，月亮进三步，无论怎样也追不到跟前。

⑸thinking of his wife day night, hou yi then had an incense table arranged in the back garden that chang e loved. puting on the table sweetmeats and fresh fruits chang e enjoyed most, hou yi held at a distance a memorial ceremony for chang e who was sentimentally attached to him in the palace of the moon.when people heard of the story that chang e had turned into a celestial being,they arranged the incense table in the moonlight one after another and prayed kindhearted chang e for good forturne and peace.from then on the custom of worshiping the moon spread among the people.

后羿无可奈何，又思念妻子，只好派人到嫦娥喜爱的后花园里，摆上香案，放上她平时最爱吃的蜜食鲜果，遥祭在月宫里眷恋着自己的嫦娥。百姓们闻知嫦娥奔月成仙的消息后，纷纷在月下摆设香案，向善良的嫦娥祈求吉祥平安。

⑹people in different places follow various customs,but all show their love and longing for a better life.

中秋节的习俗很多，形式也各不相同，但都寄托着人们对生活无限的热爱和对美好生活的向往。

⑴the granddaughter of the goddess of heaven visited the earth. her name was zhinu, the weaving girl.

⑵while she was on earth she met her herd boy niulang and they fell in love. they got married secretly, and they were very happy.

⑶when the goddess of heaven knew that her granddaughter was married to a human, she became very angry and made the weaving girl return to heaven. niulang tried to follow her, but the river of stars, the milk way, stopped him.

⑷finding that zhinu was heart-broken, her grandmother finally decided to let the couple cross the milk way to meet once a year.

⑸magpies make a bridge of their wings to the couple can cross the river to meet on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month.

⑹people in china hope that the weather will be fine on that day, because if it is raining, it means that zhinu is weeping and the couple won’t be able to meet.

⑴王母娘娘的外孙女下凡来到人间。她的名字叫织女。

⑵在人间，她见到了牛郎，并且相爱。秘密结婚后，他们快乐的生活在一起。

⑶当王母娘娘知道她的孙女嫁给了一个凡人，非常生气。她让织女返回天庭，牛郎紧跟不舍，但是却被银河挡住了。

⑷看到织女伤心欲绝，王母娘娘最后决定让这对夫妻每年跨过银河相会一次。

⑸农历的七月初七，这对夫妻在鹊桥上相会。

⑹人们希望那天的天气好，因为如果下雨，意味着织女在流泪，他们没能相会。

valentine’s day 情人节date 约会

bunch 花束

rose 玫瑰

candy 糖果

chocolate 巧克力

forget-me-not 勿忘我

puppy love/first love 初恋

cute meet 浪漫的邂逅

fall in love 坠入爱河

love at the first sight 一见钟情

propose 求婚

valentine cards 情人节卡片

candlelight dinner 烛光晚餐

heart-shaped/cordate 心形的

truelove 真爱enamored 倾心的

the great wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings! if you come to china without climbing the great wall, it's just like going paris without visiting the eiffel tower; or going to egypt without visiting the pyramids! men often say, "he who doest not reach the great wall is not a true man."in fact, it began as independent walls for different states when it was first built, and did not become the "great wall" until the qin dynasty. however, the wall we see today, starting from shanhaiguan pass in the east to jiayunguan pass in the west, was mostly built during the ming dynasty.

长城是人类创造的世界奇迹之一。如果你到了中国却没去过长城，就想到了巴黎没有去看看菲尔铁塔，或者就像到了埃及没有去看金字塔一样。人们常说：“不到长城非好汉。”实际上，长城最初只是一些断断续续的城墙，直到秦朝统一中国后才将其连城长城。然而，今天我们看到的长城——东起山海关，西至嘉峪关——大部分都是在明代修建的。

dumplings are one of the chinese people’s favorite traditional dishes. according to an ancient chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint---zhang zhongjing. there are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1) make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour; 2) prepare the dumpling stuffing; 3) make dumplings and boil them. with thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times. there’s an old saying that claims, “nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”.

during the spring festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, chinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings. to chinese people who show high reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year.

饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品。 相传为古代医圣张仲景发明。饺子的制作是包括：1） 擀皮、2） 备馅、3） 包馅水煮三个步骤。其特点是皮薄馅嫩，味道鲜美，形状独特，百食不厌。民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语。中国人接亲待客、逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗，寓意吉利。对崇尚亲情的中国人来说，“更岁交子”吃饺子，更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的内容。

the chinese way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world. the recorded history of chopsticks started more than three thousand years ago. chopsticks were named zhu in ancient chinese. they look deceptively simple to use, but possess multi-various functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stirring, scooping, poking, tearing, and so on. chopsticks were taken as an auspicious mascot by ordinary people in ancient china.

for example, the partial tone of chopsticks is often used by people as a metaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a baby soon. unlike using a knife and fork or one’s own hands, a pair of chopsticks also implies the meaning of “harmony is what matters”. chopsticks are highly praised by westerners as a hallmark of ancient oriental civilization.

中国人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上独树一帜。有史记载用筷的历史已有三千多年。筷子古时称为箸，它看似简单，但却同时具有夹、拨、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多种功能。中国民间视筷子为吉祥之物，如婚俗中将筷子隐喻为快生贵子的祝福等。与使用刀叉以及手抓的 方式不同，成双结对的筷子含有“和为贵“的意蕴。西方人赞誉筷子是古老的东方文明。

⑴chopsticks are used every day in china.

⑵now i'd like to take this opportunity to share their interesting history with you.

⑶i think you'll agree that even an ordinary item used in daily life can have a fascinating story.

⑷although chopsticks originated in china, they are widely used in many asian countries.

⑸the first chopsticks were made from bone and jade.

⑹in the spring and autumn period, copper and iron chopsticks came into being.

⑺in ancient times, the rich used jade or gold chopsticks to display their wealth.

⑻many kings and emperor s used silver chopsticks to see if their food had been poisoned.

⑼chopsticks are traditionally placed in brides' dowries,because "chopsticks" in chinese is pronounced "kuaizi", which sounds like "get a son soon."

⑽many foreign friends try to use chopsticks when they visit china.

⑾even the former president of the united states richard nixon, used chopsticks at the welcoming banquet held in his honor.

⑿as soon as he left his table, a foreign diplomat grabbed his chopsticks as a historical souvenir.

⑴中国人每天都在使用筷子。

⑵现在我想借这个机会和大家一起聊一些有关于筷子历史的有趣故事。

⑶我想你会赞同即使是日常生活中一件小物品也会有其引人入胜的故事。

⑷虽然筷子起源于中国，但现在很多的亚洲国家都在使用。

⑸最早的筷子是用骨头和玉制成的。

⑹在春秋时代又出现了铜制和铁制的筷子。

⑺在古代，富人家用玉筷子或金筷子以显示其家庭的富有。

⑻许多帝王用银制的筷子以检查他们的食物中是否被人投了毒。

⑼筷子在传统上是被当作 新娘的嫁妆的，因为“筷子”在汉语中读作“kuaizi”，听起来很像“快得儿子”。

⑽许多外国朋友在访问中国的时候都使用筷子。

⑾甚至是美国前总统尼克松在为其到来而举办的欢迎宴会上也使用了筷子。

⑿他刚一离开桌子，一名国外的外交人员就抓起了他的筷子，把它作为了具有历史意义的纪念品。

⑴in ancient china, chopsticks signified far lore than tools that take food to the mouth; they also signified status and rules, “can”and ”can’t”.

⑵during the northern song dynasty, an official named tang su once had dinner with the emperor. he was not well informed in noble table etiquette and so laid down his chopsticks horizontally on the table before the emperor did. as a result, he was expatriated to a frontier area for penal servitude.

⑶in ancient eating etiquette, there were over a dozen taboos concening chopsticks. for example , they could not be placed vertically into a dish, as this was the way of making sacrifices to the dead.

⑴在古代中国，筷子不仅仅是把食物送到口中的餐具，它被赋予了重要的内涵和“能”和“不能”的规矩。

⑵北宋朝时，一个叫唐肃的官员陪皇帝进膳。他不了解用餐时使用筷子的礼仪，在皇帝还没有吃完时，他把筷子横放在桌子上，表示他不想再吃了。结果这位官员被发配边疆。

⑶在古代的饮食礼仪中，筷子的使用方法的禁忌有十多种。比如，忌将筷子竖直插入菜盘或饭碗中，因为这代表为死人上坟。

chinese kung fu, or chinese martial arts, carries traditional chinese culture in abundance. it is a traditional chinese sport which applies the art of attack and defence in combat and the motions engaged with a series of skill and tricks. the core idea of chinese king fu is derived from the confucian theory of both “the mean and harmony” and “cultivating qi” (otherwise known as nourishing one’s spirit). meanwhile, it also includes thoughts of taoism and buddhism. chinese kung fu has a long history, with multi-various sects and many different boxing styles, and emphasizes coupling hardness with softness and internal and external training. it contains the ancient great thinkers’ pondering of life and the universe.

the skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weapons named by the later generations mainly involve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow boxing (taijiquan), form and will boxing (xingyiquan), eight trigram palm (baguazhang), and the skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords, spears, two-edged swords and halberds, axes, tomahawks, kooks, prongs and so on.

中国功夫即中国武术，是将技击寓于搏斗和套路运动之中的中国传统体育项目，承载着丰富的中国民族传统文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和养气之说，同时兼容了道家、释家的思想。中国武术源远流长、流派林立、拳种繁多，讲究刚柔并济、内外兼修，蕴含着先哲们对生命和宇宙的参悟。后世所称十八般武艺，主要指：徒手拳艺，如太极拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，如刀枪剑戟、斧钺钩叉等。

?拓展】

⑴chinese kung fu is magnificent and profound but it’s unfortunate that a lot of it has not been passed down.

⑵taijiquan can make you feel at peace. in addition to emphasizing matching the movements with your breathing, it is good for your health too.

⑶the primary reason for practicing kung fu is for health reasons. defense is of secondary importance and hurting others is abolutely unacceptable.

⑴中国功夫博大精深，可惜有很多已经失传了。

⑵太极拳可以使人心境平和，加上它注重呼吸配合动作，对身体也有好处。

⑶练武的主要目的在于锻炼身体，其次是防身，至于用来伤人是万万不可以的。

there is much more to kung fu than jackie chan or bruce lee. kung fu is an art form, and also, very good for you.

功夫并不只是指成龙或李小龙，它是一种艺术形式，而且对你很有好处。

many styles of kung fu are based on the ideas of nature. ancient boxing masters often developed their fighting techniques by observing the world around them. animals, birds, and insects provided the basis for many systems of kung fu developed in the past.

很多功夫招式来源于对自然界的想象。古代拳术大师常常通过观察他们周围的世界改进拳术技法。动物、鸟类和昆虫为过去很多功夫的系统发展提供了基础。

many of the hard forms of kung fu came from a buddhist monastery called “shaolin”. an indian priest named tamo came to live there nearly 1500 years agou. according to legend, tamo arrived at the monastery where he found the monks in poor physical condition. because they couldn’t stay awake during meditation, tamo introduced a series of 18 exercise designed to feed both body and mind. these movements are said to have merged with self-defense tactics studied in the shaolin temple.

很多硬功夫都出自叫“少林”的佛教寺庙。大约1500年前，有个叫达摩的印度僧人来到这里。传说他来到寺庙，发现那里的和尚身体状况很不好。因为他们在坐禅时候不能保持清醒，达摩就传授给他们一套十八手拳法，目的是锻炼他们的身心。据说这些动作融合了他在少林寺研究的防身术。

i suggest a soft form of kung fu, called tai qi. it comes from taoism and it’s very good for your health. through its training, you can get inner peace and a sense of physical and emotional well being. it’s often called chinese yoga: the art and science of meditation through movement.

我建议你学习一种温和的功夫，叫太极拳。它源于道教，对你的健康非常有好处。通过这种训练，你能达到内心的平和，以及身体和情绪上的安宁舒适。它经常被人们称作中国瑜伽：通过运动达到沉思冥想的一种艺术和科学。

chinese characters were initially meant to be simple pictures used to help people remember things. after a long period of development, it finally became a unique character system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhyme at the same time. the writing system, which was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells, and these are regarded as the original forms of chinese characters.

afterwards, chinese characters went through numerous calligraphic styles: bronze inscriptions, official script, regular script, cursive script, running script, etc. chinese characters are usually round outside and square inside, which is rooted in ancient chinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular earth. the five basic strokes of chinese characters are “---“ (the horizontal stroke) “│” (the vertical stroke), “／”( the left-falling stroke), “＼” (the right-falling stroke), and “乙” (the turning stroke).

汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画，经过不断演变发展最终成为一种兼具音、形、意韵的独特文字。现存中国古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被认为是现代汉字的初形。此后，汉字又经历了金文、隶书、楷书、草书、行书等不同的阶段。汉字结构“外圆内方“， 源于古人”天圆地方“的观念。汉字有五种基本笔画，即：横、竖、撇、捺、折。

yangko is one of tradition folk dance of han in china.it is usually performed in northern provinces. the dancers usually wear colorful and light costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid. during some festivals such as spring festival, lantein festival, if people hear the sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is , they will come to street and appreciate the yangko. recent years, the old people in city of east-northern of china organized the team of yangko by themselves, the teamers keep their health by dancing yangko the whole year.

秧歌舞是中国汉族的一种民间传统舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装，他们的表演动作有力迅速。在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听到锣鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年来，中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保持健康，同事他们也乐在其中。

acupuncture is an important part of traditional chinese medicine (tcm). in accordance with the “main and collateral channels” theory in tcm, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi and blood, so as to keep the body’s yin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs. it features in traditional chinese medicine that “internal diseases are to be treated with external therapy”.

the main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles to pierce certain acupoints of the patient’s body, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate the channels and relieve pain. with its unique advantages, acupuncture has been handed down generation after generation and has now spread all over the world. nowadays, acupuncture, along with chinese food, kung fu (otherwise known as chinese martial arts), and traditional chinese medicine, has been internationally hailed as one of the “four new national treasures.”

针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论，针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络、调和气血，来达到阴阳归于平衡，使脏腑趋于调和之目的。其特点是“内病外治”。主要疗法是用针刺入病人身体的一定穴位，或用艾火的温热刺激烧灼病人的穴位，以达到刺激经络。治疗病痛的目的。针灸以其独特的优势，流传至今并传播到了世界，与中餐、功夫、中药一起被海外誉为中国的“新四大国粹”。

dragon totem worship in china has been around for the last 8,000 years. the ancients in china considered the dragon (or loong) a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena. the chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the chinese nation. to the chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion.

对龙图腾他的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。 中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。在中国人的心目中，龙具有振奋腾飞、开拓变化的寓意和团结凝聚的精神。

a seal can also be defined as a stamp. both the chinese official and private seal of various dynasties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others. the seals used by the emperors of ancient china were called xi, yin, bao, etc. according to historical records, seals were widely used during the warring states period (475bc-221bc). the making of a seal is to engrave fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on; or images in the form of intaglio and embossment into the seal, basically shaped as round or square. covered with a vermilion overlay, the chinese seal is not only used in daily life, but it is also used to represent signatures on paintings and calligraphies. it is gradually becoming one of china’s unique artworks.

印章就是图章。中国历代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱记、合同、符、契等等不同的称谓，而帝王所用的印章古时称玺、印、宝、章等。据史料记载，印章在战国时代已普遍使用。印章的制作是将篆隶等字体、图像用阴、阳的形式雕刻而成，形状以圆、方为主。印章用朱色 钤盖，除日常应用外，又多用于书画题识，逐渐成为中国特有的艺术形式之一。

praised as “oriental opera”, beijing opera is a genuine national quintessence of china. it originated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especially huiban in southern china. at the end of the 19th century, beijing opera evolved and took shape, becoming the greatest kind of opera in china. beijing opera is a blend of performing arts---song, speech, performance, acrobatix fighting and dance. beijing opera portrays and narrates the plot and characters through stylized acting. the main types of roles in beijing opera are sheng(male), dan (young female), jing (painted face, male), and chou( clown, male or female).

京剧被誉为“东方歌剧”， 是地道的中国国粹。它起源于中国多种古老的地方戏剧，特别是南方的“徽班”。到了19世纪末，京剧形成并成为中国最大的戏曲剧种。京剧是综合性表演艺术，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、舞（舞蹈）为一体，通过程式化的表演手段，叙述故事，刻画人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、净（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大行当。

⑴beijing opera of china is a national treasure with a history of 200 years.

⑵facial masks are an important way to portray a character.

⑶each role,according to their sex,age and disposition,is characterized by different designs of facial make-up(facial mask).

⑷in peking opera, femal roles are “dan”. male roles are “sheng”. and clowns are”chou”.

⑸present-day designers are also borrowing from the beijing opera for their work.

⑴京剧是中国的国粹，迄今已经有200多年的历史。

⑵脸谱是塑造人物形象的重要手段。

⑶每个角色都会按照他们的性格、年龄、个性，在脸上画不同的脸谱。

⑷在京剧中，女性的角色被称作“旦”，男性的角色被称作“生”，小丑被称作“丑”。

⑸当代服装设计师也从京剧服装中吸取灵感。

chinese idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed phrases and expressions. idioms are established and accepted by constant usage and common practice. an idiom is a language unit that is larger than a word, but has the same grammatical function as a word. most chinese idioms consist of four characters. for example, ziqiangbuxi ( make unremitting efforts to improve oneself), qingchuyulan(bluer than indigo), and houjibofa (success comes with time and effort). idioms are extrated from folk proverbs, ancient works of literature, poems, fables, allusions, and well-known sayings. idioms are a part of the chinese language that are concise and have great vitality.

中国成语是汉语中意义完整的表示一般概念的固定词组或短语。“成语”中的“成”既是约定俗成。成语是比词大而语法功能又相当于词的语言单位。绝大多数的中国成语由四个汉字组成，例如：自强不息、青出于蓝、厚积薄发。成语主要从民间谚语、古代文学作品、诗歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提炼而成，是汉语语言中精炼而又富有生命力的一部分。

china is the home of silk. mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and thickening are all great inventions of the ancient chinese. as early as the shang and zhou dynasties (1600bc-256bc), the chinese people’s silk-weaving techniques had reached an extremely high level. during the western han dynasty (206bc-25ad), zhang qian, an outstanding diplomat, travelled around central asia and connected china with the persian gulf and the mediterranean, opening up a new era of sino-foreign trade, exchange and communication. from then on, china’s silk became well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color, and abundant culture connotations. hitherto, chinese silk has been accepted as a symbol of chinese culture and the emissary of oriental civilization.

中国是丝绸的故乡。栽桑、养蚕、缫丝、织绸是中国古代人民的伟大发明。商周时期丝绸的生产技术就已发展到相当高的水平。西汉时张骞通西域，把中原与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来，开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元。从此中国的丝绸以其卓越的品质、精美的花色和丰富的文化内涵闻名于世，成为中国文化的象征。东方文明的使者。

the chinese classical garden is a precious treasure of our ancient chinese architecture. it is a kind of environment art, which systematically combines artificial mountains and rivers, plants and buildings with the natural landscape. the construction standard of a chinese classical garden is “artificial as it is, the garden must look ingenious and natural.” when you go sightseeing in a chinese classical garden, you should be able to appreciate its artistic concept which “makes use of the natural landscape to create the real fun of mountains and rivers for viewers.” of the world’s three major garden systems, the chinese classical garden is hailed as one of the origins of the world’s garden due to its long history and abundant connotations.

中国园林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等与自然地貌有机结合的环境艺术，是我国古代建筑艺术的珍宝。其建造原则是“妙极自然，宛自天开”。游赏中国古典园林，能充分领略“假自然之景，创山水真趣”的园林意境。在世界三大园林体系中，中国园林历史悠久、内涵丰富，被誉为世界造园史上的渊源之一。

the writing brush, ink stick, ink stone, and paper were requisite treasures in the study of the scholars of ancient china, and they are often referred to as the “four treasures of the study.” the writing brush and ink stick have been used by the chinese to write and paint since 5,000 years ago. in the qin dynasty (221bc---206bc), people already used feathers of different hardness and bamboo trunks to make brushes. during the han dynasty (206bc-220ad), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink.

after paper was invented by the chinese, bamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which originally functioned as writing surfaces, gradually faded out. the ink stone was first developed with the use of writing brushes and ink. after the song dynasty (960ad---1279ad), the “four treasure of the study” particularly referred to hubi, the writing brush produced in huzhou, zhejiang province; huimo, the ink stick produced in huizhou, anhui province; xuan paper, a kind of paper produced in xuanzhou, anhui province; and duanyan, the ink stone made in zhaoqing, guangdong province (zhaoqing was earlier called duanzhou). indeed, the four treasures of the study” have writtin the whole chinese civilization, as it is.

笔墨纸砚是中国古代文人书房当中必备的宝贝，被称为“文房四宝”。用笔墨书写绘画在中国可追溯到五千年前。秦时已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制笔；汉代以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了纸张以后，简牍锦帛逐失其用；砚台则随笔墨的使用而发展。 “文房四宝”到宋朝以后特指湖笔、徽墨、宣纸、端砚。可以说文房四宝书写了整个中华文明。

a seal can also be defined as a stamp. both the chinese official and private seal of various dynasties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others. the seals used by the emperors of ancient china were called xi, yin, bao, etc. according to historical records, seals were widely used during the warring states period (475bc-221bc). the making of a seal is to engrave fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on; or images in the form of intaglio and embossment into the seal, basically shaped as round or square. covered with a vermilion overlay, the chinese seal is not only used in daily life, but it is also used to represent signatures on paintings and calligraphies. it is gradually becoming one of china’s unique artworks.

印章就是图章。中国历代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱记、合同、符、契等等不同的称谓，而帝王所用的印章古时称玺、印、宝、章等。据史料记载，印章在战国时代已普遍使用。印章的制作是将篆隶等字体、图像用阴、阳的形式雕刻而成，形状以圆、方为主。印章用朱色 钤盖，除日常应用外，又多用于书画题识，逐渐成为中国特有的艺术形式之一。

十六. 天干地支（chinese era）

the chinese era is the symbol that the chinese calendar uses for recording and naming years. the ten heavenly stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, gui. the twelve earthly branches are: zi.chou, yin, mou, chen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai. after observing the lunar month, the ancients found that the moon always wazes and wanes roughly 12 times a year, and two lunar months account for about 60 days, so the order of the ten heavenly stems and the order of the twelve earthly branches are properly matched in turn. in terms of recording date, 60 years is considered to be a full time cycle. the chinese era chronology was first invented in ancient times and is still in use now.

天干地支是中国历法中用以记录和命名年岁的方法。十天干为：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸；十二地支为：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人观测朔望月，发现月亮圆缺12次大体上是一年的天数，而两个朔望月约是60天。古人以十天干与十二地支的顺序依次相配，记录不同年份，60年为一个轮回。干支纪年法从古沿用至今。

⑴it’s interesting that chinese paintings can be created on the spot.

⑵the chinese do paintings with brushes, dipping their brushes in ink or paint and then skillfully wielding them.

⑶painters produce on the paper pictures with lines and dots——some heavy, and some light, and some deep, and some pale.

⑴真有意思：中国画是可以现场表演的。

⑵中国人绘画采用毛笔蘸墨汁或颜色，灵巧的挥洒在纸上。

⑶画家用深、浅、浓、淡的点和线构成一幅图画。

⑴usually a chinese medicine practitioner approaches the illness from a broader perspective, emphasizing its entirety and dialectical implications.

⑵a western doctor deals directly with symptoms. for instance, if someone has a sore throat, a western doctor will treat it as a throat problem, while a chinese doctor may link it to the disorder of the patient’s stomach.

⑶a chinese doctor examines his patient by using method like observing, smelling, asking and feeling. his western counterpart relies on symtoms or evidence like body temperature and lab tests.

⑷for people with terminal diseases, chinese medicine may be their last resort. chinese medicine can not only alleviate pain, but also offers the option of a different treatment.

⑴中医通常从宏观角度认识问题，强调整体性和辩证施治。

⑵西医则从微观入手。比如一个人咽喉痛，西医诊断为咽炎，中医则有可能判断为脾胃失衡的症状。

⑶中医通过望闻问切来诊病；西医注重症状，重证据。

⑷对于那些身患绝症的人来说，中医也许是他们最后的希望，它可以缓解病痛，为患者提供另一种治疗方案。

⑴over 2000 years ago, emperor qin shihuang , the first emperor in chinese history, established the official chinese writing characters.

⑵calligraphy also had its practical values because it was a good way to make friends and was more presentable as a gift rather than jewelry or money.

⑶many people practice calligraphy as a way to raise their culture accomplishment. older people use calligraphy writing as a method to keep fit.

⑷i had thought computers would lead to the disappearance of chinese calligraphy. now i understand that’s not likely to happen. how can you give your boss computer-printed calligraphy as a gift.

⑸the brush is the traditional chinese writing tool. its tip is made of soft hair from a sheep, weasel or rabbit.

⑴两千多年前，中国的第一个皇帝秦始皇统一了中国的文字。

⑵书法还有着实际的效用，比如结交朋友。比起珠宝或金钱，送人一幅书法作品就来得高雅、体面。

⑶很多人研习书法的目的是提升文化素养，老年人学习书法是为了保健强身。

⑷我一直认为电脑的出现会导致中国书法的衰落。现在看来，这不太可能。你怎么能拿着一幅从电脑中打印出来的书法作品送给上司呢？

⑸毛笔是中国的传统书写工具。笔尖由羊毛、黄鼬毛或兔毛制成。毛笔的毫毛既软又有弹性。

⑴kite-flying has been an old chinese pastime.

⑵records about the activity were mentioned as back 2,500 years ago.

⑶over the centuries, people have developed kites known for their beauty.

⑷people are able to make them look like swallows, geese, frogs, butterflies, peacocks, crabs and many other animals.

⑸now people will fly kites in early spring and autumn.

⑹it’s really a very beautiful scene with kites flying in the sky.

⑴放风筝是中国一项古老的娱乐活动。

⑵2500年前，就有放风筝的记载。

⑶几个世纪以来，风筝因为它的样式美观而众所周知。

⑷人们把它做成诸多动物的形状，比如燕子、鹅、青蛙、蝴蝶、孔雀、螃蟹等。

⑸现在人们在初春和初秋放风筝。

⑹天空中飞着风筝，真实非常漂亮的景观啊！

⑴table manners in china are quite different from those of westeners.

⑵in china,it’s okay to talk while eating.however,you may regard it as rude.

⑶you will considered a well-connected,sociable man, if you keep involved in the conversation all the time.

⑷don’t eat fast! people usually keep their dining pace accorded with others. and all the dishes should not be eaten up completely.

⑸it is a custom and good manners to serve tea to a guest who comes to pay a visit. there is no need to ask if he needs it or not.

⑹it wouldn’t be considered rude behavior if he doesn’t even take a single drop. but he’d better receive the teacup with both hands and bow his thanks when the cup is brought before his face. when the host pours hot water into his cup, he may also choose to tap his index finger on the table,meaning”thanks”. no matter if he likes it or not,it is impolite if he doesn’t even lay a finger on the cup.

⑴中国的餐桌礼仪和西方的差别还是很大的。

⑵中国人认为吃饭时可以说话，相反你们会觉得这很没礼貌。

⑶如果在饭桌上你积极参与谈话，别人会觉得你一定是个善于交际、人缘很好的人。

⑷不要吃得太快，人们往往要跟其他人吃饭的进度保持一致。各个盘子都应该留下一点别吃完。

⑸给上门拜访的客人上茶确实是风俗礼节，不需要问他要不要喝茶，或者要不要别的东西。

⑹茶端到他面前的时候，他最好双手接住茶杯，欠身致谢。主人给他倒茶时，他也可以在桌面上轻叩几下食指，表示“叩首谢谢”。不管他喜不喜欢，要是连碰都不碰一下茶杯，那就有失礼貌了。

⑴table manners are very strict during a chinese meal. respect has to be given to the elderly. each time a dish is served, everyone has to wait until the elder person starts or , “to cut the ribbon”.

⑵the food is brought to the table all the same time so everybody is on the same starting line. this lacks the warm atmosphere which prevails at a chinese dinner.

⑶this may be the reason why it is always noisy at a chinese dinner but quiet in a western restaurant.

⑷alcohol is a medium for communicating emotion in china. drinking with business partners or would-be friends is a way of solidifying friendship, especially in northern china.

⑸you will be set free at a western banquet.it seems we are keen to make it as convenient as possibleto savor the wine,its color,its aroma and its delicate taste.

⑹the most important thing is that the goblet,table-cloth,and plates should be made shiningly clean,so that the color of the wine is clearly visible and the delicate aroma and taste are fully appreciable.

⑺at the western table,remember to avoid talking so loundly,or talking with a mouthful food.

⑴中餐还有严格的餐桌礼仪。长辈要受到尊重。一盘菜上来，大家要先让长者举筷，这被称作“剪彩”。

⑵西餐中每个人点的菜都同时端上，大家在同一时间开始用餐，缺少了中国人相互礼让的过程，

⑶友好的气氛就差了许多。这也许就是中国人吃饭热热闹闹，西方人的餐桌相对安静的原因吧。

⑷在中国，喝酒时情感交流的介质。尤其是在北方，和业务伙伴或者“准朋友”喝酒可以增进感情。

⑸西式酒宴上，你可就自由了，我们乐意为品酒创造便利，品味就的颜色、气味和口感。

⑹所以有一点是很重要的，那就是酒杯、桌布和盘子都要擦得一尘不染，为的就是使就的颜色清楚可见，酒的口感和气味也能感受出来。

⑺在西餐桌上，记得不要大声说话，或边嚼边说话。

1. chewing with your mouth open.张开嘴咀嚼食物。

this is the opposite of chinese culture where they appreciate that you make noise while eating. westerners feel this is disgusting and shows a complete lake of manners. chew with your mouth shut!

中国人喜欢在咀嚼食物的时候发出声响，与中国文化相反，西方人认为这种行为极为讨厌，是缺乏礼貌的表现。嚼东西的时候要闭上嘴巴。

2. speaking with your mouth full.说话时满嘴食物。

this is considered quite rude when at the table. western children are taught from a very early age never to do this.

在餐桌上，这被认为是非常粗鲁的行为。西方人从小就受这方面的教导。

3. picking teeth / sucking teeth. 剔牙 / 吮牙。

it is considered rude to pick between your teeth where others can see you. western restaurants usually do not supply toothpicks so it is sometimes hard to decide when to remove food stuck between the teeth. it is usually best to excuse yourself and go into the bathroom.

当着他人的面剔牙是很不礼貌的。西餐厅通常不提供牙签，所以有时候很难决定什么时候该剔牙。当确实需要清理牙缝间的食物时，最好是上洗手间。

4. elbows on the table.手肘支在桌上。

while eating you should be sitting straight up. do not put your elbows on the table. putting your elbows on the table will make you look like a farmer.

用餐时应该身体坐直，手肘不要支在餐桌上。把手肘放在桌子上会让你看起来像个农民。

5. spitting food (bones, skin, etc.) out of your mouth. 直接从嘴里吐出食物（骨、皮等）。

this is not done in western restaurants. if you do need to take something out of your mouth, bring your napkin up to your mouth and place the item in it.

在西方的餐厅里你是见不到这一幕的。真要这样做的话，应该把纸巾拿到嘴边，吐在纸巾上。

6. picking up your plate or bowl. 捧起碗碟。

they think that only children do this. don’t lean over and slurp from the plate on the table either. food must be transported from the dish to your mouth with a fork or a spoon. if you’re nervous about using a knife and fork, buy a set and practice at home until you feel comfortable.

西方人觉得这是小孩子才会有的举动。也不要把嘴放在碗边直接吸取食物。要用勺子或叉子把食物放进嘴里。如果你不习惯用刀叉，那就买一套放在家里练习如何使用，直到运用自如。

7. speaking loudly. 大声讲话。

all westerners try to keep the conversation to their own table. if the whole restaurant can hear you, you are speaking too loudly and it will be considered rude. in fact, some westerners find it difficult to do business in chinese restaurants because the noise level is just too high.

用餐时，西方人只会与同桌的人交谈。如果整个餐厅都会听到你的“演讲”，那你的声音就太大了。实际上，一些西方人认为在中国的餐馆里谈生意是件很困难的事情，因为噪音太大了。

8. passing gas / belching / burping. 放屁 / 打嗝。

this is considered rude in any situation. if you do need to pass gas, excuse yourself and go to the bathroom. of course sometimes this is out of your control. if you accidentally pass gas loudly in front of others, you need to say, “excuse me” and quickly start talking about something to distract the people around you. do not discuss any details about your gas, or any bodily function at the table.

在任何场合下放屁或打嗝都是不雅的。如果确实需要的话，要上洗手间解决。当然也有失控的时候。如果不小心当众放了响屁，要说“对不起”，而且要很快转移话题。千万不要大谈特谈“人之气”，也不要再餐桌上谈论任何与身体器官有关的内容。

9. cleaning ears with fingernails. 用指甲挖耳孔。

this is not done in public. it shouldn't be done in private either! it’s dangerous. use a cotton swab!

千万不要再大庭广众下用指甲挖耳。在没人的地方也不要这样做！用指甲挖很危险，最好用棉签。

10.smoking. 吸烟。

while others are still eating or even when everyone has finished eating, it is polite to ask their permission if you can smoke at the table. in many western restaurants you will be asked if you prefer to be seated in the smoking or non-smoking section. if your host chooses the non-smoking section, you will have to excuse yourself from the table to smoke.

当其他人还没有吃完，或者就算所有人都用完餐，如果要抽烟的话，要礼貌地征得大家的许可。在很多西餐厅里，你会闻到是愿意在吸烟区还是非吸烟区就差那。如果主人选择了非吸烟区，那你想抽烟时要征得同桌人的同意到外面去抽。

⑴chinese people seem to like the red and yellow clors a lot. the two colors are used for the chinese national flag.

⑵maybe because the hans originated in the yellow river plateau, a region where yellow was the prevailing color.

⑶yellow was also the color representing the imperial court in traditional china. during the sui dynasty, yellow was officially designated as the exlusive color for the imperial family.

⑷in olden times, a person could be beheaded for the misuse of yellow.

⑸red represents happiness. for example, the word“double happiness”used for wedding is red. the bride wears red clothes, which is different from the white gowns of the west.

⑹during chinese spring festival, people will give hong bao, or red envelopes with money inside to the children as well wishes. couplets hanging on both sides of the doors are written in red.

⑴中国人似乎很喜欢红黄两色。中国的国旗就是由这两种颜色组成。

⑵这也许是因为汉民族的发源地是黄土高原，这个地域满目黄土之色。

⑶在中国古代，黄色是皇权的象征。从隋朝起，黄色成为皇家专用的颜色。

⑷古时，用错了黄色会杀头。

⑸红是喜庆的象征。比如结婚时的双喜字是红色的，新娘要穿红色的嫁衣，这与西方穿白色婚纱不同。

⑹春节时，送晚辈压岁钱要用红纸包了，称“红包”，以示吉祥。对联也是用红纸书写，贴在大门的两侧。

⑴believe it or not, tea is the most popular beverage in the world afer water.

⑵china is the homeland of tea.

⑶did you know that tea, the most popular drink in the world , was invented by accident.

⑷some leaves from a nearby bush fell into the boiling water and remained there before some time.

⑸the emperor shen nung noticed that leaves in the water produced a pleasant smell.

⑹the tea bag was not made with drinking in mind.

⑺a tea importer was sending out samples of tea that were packaged in silk bags. not knowing any better, his customers put the entire bags into the pot and added hot water. it turned out that the tea tasted fine,and the customers liked how easy the bags were to clean up.

⑴你知道吗？除了水，世界上最受欢迎的饮料就是茶了。

⑵茶起源于中国。

⑶你知道吗？世界上最流行的饮料——茶，是在偶然的机会里被发明出来的。

⑷当时附近树上落下几片叶子，飘到开水里，在水里煮了一会儿。

⑸神农帝发现开水中的叶子产生一种香香的味道。

⑹茶包本来不是用来喝茶的。

⑺曾有一位茶叶进口商送了一些用丝质袋子包装的茶叶样品给顾客。他的顾客不知情，将整个袋子放在茶壶里泡热水。结果发现茶的为傲不错，而且用袋子就比较清理，顾客很喜欢这点。

⑴the chinese people, in their drinking of tea, place much significance on the act of “savoring”.

⑵in classical novels, if someone drinks tea out of a big cup to quench his thirst, the word used to illustrate this action is “drink”, like a cow drinking water.

scholars would use fine cups to drink tea and the word to use is “savour”.

⑶in the old days, people used iron kettles to boil water. tea was placed in a paper bag. porcelain cups were used for drinking.

⑷the water came from melted snow which was collected from plum blossom trees the previous winter and stored underground in a jar. no one collects snow any more because of pollution so people use bottled water instead.

⑸tea has categories:red tea, green tea, wulong tea and pu’er tea. the first three types of tea are processed using similar methods but pu’er tea uses a totally different method. it contains a kind of fungus which is believed to be healthy. the fungus will ferment on its own after the tea is processed. that’s why expensive pu’er tea is always quite old.

⑴中国人饮茶，注重一个“品”字。

⑵在古典小说中，某人用大杯喝茶解渴被称为“饮”，指此人像牛般饮水；而雅士用精致的茶具喝茶被称为“品”。

⑶古人用铁壶烧水，用纸袋装茶，用瓷杯饮茶。

⑷泡茶的水是前一年冬天从梅花树上收集起来的，装在瓷坛中埋入地下的雪水。因为污染，没有人再收集雪水泡茶，取而代之的是瓶装矿泉水。

⑸茶大概分为这样几种：红茶、绿茶、乌龙茶和普洱茶。前三种茶的制作方法是一样的，普洱茶的制作方法则不同。普洱茶本身含有一种有益的霉菌，在制成后会随着时间而自然发酵。这也是普洱茶年头越长越值钱的原因。

⑴in cantonese, the number “8” has a similar pronounciation to,the word “prosper.”

⑵guangdong is one of the first provinces to benefit from china’s open policy. there is a lot of temptation to become wealthy , so “8”is a lucky number for people in guangdong.

⑶“6”is often associated with smoothness. many people like to choose a date for their weddings which includes the number “6”.

⑷in contrast, “4”is the least favorable, because it sounds very similar to the word, “death”. many building s do not, even, use the number for their elevator programming.

⑸now, as a result of western influence, more chinese people started to dislike the number “13”.

⑴广东话里“8”与“发”同音，有发财的意思。

⑵广东是中国最先受益于改革开放政策的省份之一，金钱的诱惑力很大，人人豆做着发财的梦，因此“8”成为人们偏爱的数字。

⑶“6”有顺利之意，许多人爱选带“6”的日子作为结婚日子。

⑷相比之下，“4”与“死”同音，是最不讨人喜欢的数字。不少建筑物甚至没有“4”层。

⑸现在，受西方文化的影响，许多中国人开始讨厌数字“13”了。

⑴there are eight major culinary styles in china. color combinations reflect the local features of each style.

⑵take guangdong food for example. because it is hot and humid there, people are mindful of the heat on their internal organs. therefore guangdong food is mild in both taste and color combinations. you don’t find a lot of hot and spicy food in guangdong dishes because warm color in the hot summer can be repulsive to people’s appetite.

⑶sichuan food is just the opposite. sichuan is also very humid but,unlike guangdong, sichuan people choose to use extremely hot peppers to open their stomach.

⑴中国有八大菜系，在色相上体现出地域的特点。

⑵比如粤菜，出自广东，哪里气候炎热而潮湿，人们特别在意五脏燥热，所以广东菜色泽和味道均以清淡为主，辛辣的食物在粤菜中不多见。因为炎热的天气，暖色调的食物会让人没有食欲。

⑶川菜就不同，四川气候也湿热，但与广东不同，四川人选择用极辣的辣椒来对付食欲低下。

人格的心得体会篇4

初中常用英语词语辨析105组

1.elder 与elderly

两者都为“年老的”，但有细微的差别。 elderly 指中年与暮年之间的年龄，表示人已过中年，因此，这词常用来代替 old。如：an elderly gentleman. 一位年长的绅士。elder指年龄稍长者，适用于家庭的兄弟姐妹之间。如： tom is the elder of the two. 汤姆是两个孩子中较大的一个。

2.precious 和 expensive

expensive 表示“昂贵的”。如：the drink was cheap , but the food was very expensive . 饮料很便宜，但食物很贵。 precious 表示“珍贵的，宝贵的”。如：the children are precious to me . 孩子们对我来说很重要。

3.regret to do 和 regret doing

regret doing 表示“做了某事而感到遗憾或后悔”，v-ing 动作发生在regret 之前。如：i regretted missing the train. 我为没有赶上火车而感到很懊恼。 regret to do 指“当时或现在遗憾地做什么”。如：i regret to tell you that we can't stay here any longer. 我遗憾地告诉你，我们不能在这儿多呆了。

4.day by day 和 day after day

两词组意思很近，但有区别：day by day 只用作状语，表示“一天天地”, 有逐渐转变的意思。如：day by day she seems to grow a little taller.她似乎一天天地长高了。 day after day 可作主语，宾语等，亦可作状语，表示“一天又一天”，强调动作的重复，表示时间的长久。如： we do the same work day after day. 每天我们做着同样的事情。/ day after day went by , and i still don't receive her letter. 一天天过去了，我还是没有收到她的来信。

5.damp 与 wet

两者都表示“潮湿的”，但有细微差别。wet 指曾浸泡在液体中或布满了液体的东西，或指多雨的天气。如： it's a wet day. 今天是一个雨天。/ wet clothes 湿衣服。 damp 指未湿透但潮湿的东西。 the damp in the air makes me uncomfortable. 潮湿的空气使我感到不舒服。

6.hunger 与 starvation

两词都表“饥饿”。 hunger 指人对食物的迫切要求，是一种正常的生理现象。如： hunger is the best sauce. 肚子饿了吃什么都香。而 starvation 指长时间缺乏食物引起痛苦，与 hunger 相比是不正常的生理现象，而是人为的灾难。如： the old man died of starvation. 那个老人活活饿死了。

7.boring 与 dull , tiresome

三词都为“令人厌烦的”，但有区别：boring 概念最广，尤指引起人厌倦、枯燥的谈话文章，也指令人生厌的人。 如：the talk was very long and boring. 这篇谈话冗长，毫无趣味。 dull 与 boring 极为相近，也指因呆板或缺乏趣味性而令人感到厌倦。如： a dull book 一本枯燥的书。 tiresome主指单调沉闷而产生疲倦厌烦。如：it's tiresome to be funny for a whole evening整晚上都逗笑取乐是很疲劳的。

8.gift 与 present

两词都为“礼物”，但有细微的差别。 gift 既指免费捐赠给团体或机构的物品，也指亲友间互赠礼品。如： a gift to the museum一件捐给博物馆的赠品。present 指亲友间互赠, 如： here is a little present for you. 这儿有你一份小小的礼物。

9.handsome 与 beautiful

两词都表“美丽”，但有区别。 beautiful 指优美和谐、高贵，多形容妇女、地方、事物，很少用来形容男子。如： a beautiful woman 一位美丽的妇女 / a beautiful scene美景。而 handsome 用于形容男人，表示英俊潇洒。如： he is a tall and handsome man. 他是一个高大英俊的男人。

10.country 与 nation

country 表示国家，包括领土和人民，着重指疆土。该词概念极为广泛，可用于各种文体，有时作“祖国”讲，带感情色彩。如：china is a great country with a long history .中国是一个历史悠久的伟大国家。/ his fathers country was france. 他父亲的祖国是法国。/ after many years abroad,he wanted to return home to his country. 在国外呆了多年以后，他想回到自己的祖国去。country 来源于拉丁文contra，是对立的意思，即某地区与其他地区极不相同从而独立存在。nation指在某一国土上定居的人民，以及代表他们的独立政权。nation 来源于拉丁文nasci,意思是出生，nation原指具有相同血源的民族，因此它强调一个国家中的人民，概念较country 狭窄。如: the chinese nation 中华民族。the whole nation rose to resist aggression. 全民奋起抗击侵略。/ the president spoke on radio to the nation. 总统通过广播向全国人民讲话。 但在国际交往正式场合下，ation 语体庄重，较country 用得多。如：the united nations 联合国/ a most favoured nation 最惠国 / the law of nations 国际公法。

11.among 与 between

between 的意思是在……中间，在……之间，一般指在两者之间。例如：there is a table beween the two windows. 在两扇窗户之间有一张桌子。/ we have our breakfast between seven and half past seven. 我们在七到七点半之间吃早饭。 between 有时也表示在多于两个以上的事物之间，但那是指在每二者之间。例如： therelationship between different provinces and municiplities 省市和省市之间的关系(这里是指每两个省市之间的相互关系。) among 的意思是在……中间、在……之中，一般是在三个或三个以上的同类事物之中。例如： divide these among you three. 这些东西你们三人分吧。/ theteacher distributed them among the students. 教师把这些东西分给了学生。

12.disease 与 illness

disease 泛指各种原因已查明的急性或慢性疾病，又可指传染病，甚至动植物的各种病害，概念十分广泛。如：an acute disease 急性病 / a chronic disease 慢性病 /plant diseases 植物病害/ his suffering is caused by the wound and not by the disease. 他的痛苦是由创伤而非疾病所引起的。 / the ultimate causes of cancer and other diseases are still unknown. 癌症与其他某些疾病的根本原因始终不明。 illness 泛指疾病，极为普通常用，多指慢性病，或身体的极度虚弱等，但不影响日常的活动。它有时可与disease 交替使用。如：there has been a lot of illness in the family recently. 最近以来这家人常生病。/ an illness that caused him little difficulty in his youth beganto take its toll as he reached middle age. 有种病在他年轻时影响并不大，但等他到了中年，却成了他的负担。

13.university 与 college

university 大学，综合性大学，通常指由多个学院( college)组合而成的综合性大学。它概念广泛，指最高水平的学校，可授予各种学位，也指大学的全体教师和学生。如：beijing university 北京大学 / harvard university 哈佛大学 / he graduated from yaleuniversity in 1965. 他在1965年从耶鲁大学毕业。 / the whole university is against the changes. 整个大学都反对这种变革。college 既可广泛地指高等学校，也可专门指独立的学院或附属于综合性大学的学院。在美国college 可以授学士学位，在英国规模庞大的中学也可称college。a medical college 医学院 / teachers training college 师范学院 / business college 商学院/ there are many colleges at oxford and cambridge.牛津大学和剑桥大学有很多学院。

14.beat和win

这两个词都有“获胜，打败”的意思，但其后宾语不同。beat是“打败，优于”的意思，后面接人或队，如：we beat them.我们赢了他们(打败了他们)。class 1 beat class 3 at football.一班踢足球赢了三班。win指“赢，获胜”，后面接比赛、名次，如：we won the match/game/race/the first place. 我们赢了这场比赛(获胜了第一名)。

15.used to和would do

used to do和would do都可用来表示过去习惯性动作。used to用于客观表示过去的一种惯常化了的行为状态。而would只表示过去一直反复发生的动作，且感情色彩较浓。如：i'm surprised to see you smoking, you didnt use to.看到你吸烟，我很吃惊。你以前不吸烟的。john would sit for hours without saying a word.约翰总是一声不吭地一坐就是几个小时。再者，used to不仅表示“过去经常性的习惯”，也可用于表示“过去的状态”，而would则无表示“状态”的用法。he used to be a quiet boy. he would be a quiet boy.

16.pleased与pleasant

两个词都是形容词表示“高兴的”。两者的区别是：

pleasant①指(物)“快乐的”“畅快的”“愉快的”。如：a pleasant summer day一个愉快的夏日。②(人、态度、性情)“给人好印象的”“令人满意的”。如：a pleasantperson to talk to令人愉快的谈话对象。pleased“高兴的”“满意的”。多指人的心情或因人的心情而产生的反应。如：its pleasant to see a pleased smile on his face.看到他脸上有微笑，令人快乐。

17.specially与especially

specially adv.“特别地”“特地”“专为”，如：i came here specially to see you.我特地来看你。especially, adv.“特别地”“格外地”“尤其”，如：our garden is beautiful, especially in fall.我们的花园很漂亮，尤其在秋天。 this time i came back specially to see my family, especially my little daughter who was ill.这次我专程回来看望我的家人，尤其是我生病的小女儿。

由这一句可见两个词的区别：specially“专门地，特地”，多指为一特别目的而作。especially“特别，尤其”，指与其他同类相比，某人(物)情况达到异常的程度。

18.area与district

area与district两个词都有“地区”的意思，但所指地区有所不同。area指(地球表面的)地域，(城市等的)地区，如：an industrial area工业地区，a picnic area野餐区。district主要指行政区域。如：wuchang district武昌区。

19.persuade与advise

这两个词都有“劝说”之意，两者不同的是：persuade是“劝说”并使之“听从”，若只有劝说的动作而没强调“使之服从”的结果，便要用advise或try to persuade。即advise为“劝说”但不一定说服。如：we advised him to leave mary, but he was not persuaded.我们劝他离开玛丽，但他并没被说服。

20.receive与accept

receive是“收到”的意思，有“客观地收到……”之意；而accept是“接受”之意，有主观接受之意。如：receive a gift收到礼物(是否接受没提)。accept侧重于以“愉悦的态度”或是“由自己去争取来”而得到，强调取得的事实。如：i received an invitation from them, but i didnt accept it.我接到他们的邀请，但并未答应。

21.electric与electrical

这两个近义词都是形容词，都是“电的”意思，二者不同的是：electric指“由电产生的”或“带电的”，而electrical指“有关电(学)方面的”，如：my brother is an electric engineer. my brother is an electrical engineer.

22.daily与everyday

这两个词都是形容词，“每日的”意思，在句中作定语。daily指每天或每个工作日发生的事，侧重于每天的事。everyday指事物的正常、普通，并不强调每日发生的事，但有时也可互换。如：he likes reading the daily newspaper at breakfast each morning.他喜欢每天在吃早餐时看日报。he gets daily wage.他每日取酬。he learn everyday english from daily newspaper every day.他每日从日报上学习日常英语。every day为时间副词短语，意为“每天”。

23.later与latter

二者均为late的比较级，但latter只许用于特殊的用法，且不与than连用。later作形容词或副词时，意为“较迟的(地)”，“较后的(地)”，如：in one's later life在晚年。he came later than usual.他比平时晚来一点。latter作形容词时，通常用于名词前，意为“后者的，末尾的”，如：in the latter part of a speech演说的后半段，the latter half of the year下半年。latter还可用作代词，the latter与the former是一组反义词组。

24.pick, pick out, select与choose

这几个词都表示“挑选”“选择”。pick是口头用语，指无需仔细考虑或鉴别就能作出的选择。如：you can pick whichever one you like.你喜欢哪个就挑选哪个。pick out着重强调从数或量很多的东西中挑选，意为“选出”，如：he was picked out from thousands of applicants.他是从众多的应聘者中挑选出来的。choose表一般性的选择或挑选，强调作出决定的意愿行为。如：she chose the red sweater rather than the pink one.她宁愿选那种红色的毛衣而不选那件粉红色的。select语气较强，指经仔细斟酌和淘汰，审慎地从许多同类事或人中择取最好者。如：customers selected the best apples.顾客精心地挑选苹果。

25.seem与appear

这两个词均可表示“仿佛”“好像”，常可互换，其细微区别如下：appear强调视觉印象，是一种表面印象，表面看来如此，实际怎么样就不知道了，有时这种视觉印象可能是错觉或不符实际。seem是暗示有一定根据的判断，用于讲话人主观认为“好像”的场合。如：he appears happy.他看起来很幸福。he seems to be happy.谈话者主观认为他很幸福。下面例句足见其区别：he appears pale but he seems not to be sick.他虽然面色苍白，但好像没病。

26.on sale与for sale

for sale(个人所有物)“出售的”“待售的”，a house for sale房屋出售，not for sale(告示)非卖品。he put his car up for sale.他把汽车拿出来卖。on sale“销售中”“上市”“廉价的”“特价的”，如：they sell eggs on sale today.今天那家店鸡蛋大减价。on sale多指商品性质的东西。the summer wear is on sale.夏装正在销售。

27.all together与altogether

all together是一个形容词短语，多表示其原义，“所有的人在一处，同时在一起”。如：today we are all together for the spring festival.因为春节，今天我们都聚集在一起了。altogether是个副词，表示“总共，完全”，如：how much is it altogether?这一共多少钱?

28.invent与discover

invent指创造发明以前不存在的东西或方法。如：bell invented the telephone.贝尔发明了电话。invent还可指“虚构”或“捏造”一个情况。如：he invented an excuse for being absent.他捏造了一个缺席的借口。而discover则指发现不为人们所知但实际存在的事物。如：do you know who discovered america?你知道是谁发现美洲的吗?i discovered that she was a good cook.我发现她很擅长烹饪。

29.contain与include

两词都有“包含”的意思。区别在于：contain可用于表示包含所含之物的全部或部分(have or hold within itself)；而include则只能用于表示所包含之物中的一部分(have…as part of a whole)，如：the parcel contained a dictionary.那包裹里装的是一本字典。does the price include postage?这价钱包含有邮费吗?另外，contain有“克制，抑制”之意。如：she could hardly contain her excitement.她抑制不住内心的激动。与include有关的including, included用法如下：we all went to the museum, lily included.我们去了博物馆，莉莉也去了。the band played many songs, including some of my favourites.乐队演奏了很多曲子，包括我最喜欢的几首。

30.job, work, labour与task

这四个词都有“工作”的意思，其差异如下：

①job是可数名词，work是不可数名词，一般情况下可通用。如：his job (work) is as a teacher.他的职业是教师。但下面情况不可通用，如：i heard he changed jobs.我听说他已换了许多工作。i go to work (at) 7∶20.我七点二十去工作。he has a good job in a bank.他在银行里有个好职业。out of a job/out of work失业。

②labour一般指体力劳动，work泛指体力或者脑力劳动，如：it took many months of labour to build the house.建筑这房屋花了好几个月的劳动。the majority of men earn their living by physical labour.大多数人靠从事体力劳动谋生。

③task多指困难的或令人疲倦的工作，如：it’s a difficult task.这是一件(令人)困难的工作。mary’s task is to tend the children.玛丽的任务是照料孩子。

31.sure与certain

两词都是表语性形容词，意为“一定的，确实的”(certain还可作定语)，后接of/about，动词不定式和that引导的从句。如：we are sure/certain of winning the game.我们确信会赢。i’m not sure/certain about some of the english idioms.我对英语的某些成语没有把握。we are sure/certain to win the game.我们一定会赢得比赛的胜利的。she is sure/certain that his lecture will be warmly welcome.她确信他的讲座一定会受到热烈欢迎。certain可以用于it is certain that…句式中，而sure则不可以。如：it is certain(此处不能用sure) that the project will be a success.工程会成功，这是确定无疑的。

32.spend, pay与cost

三词都作“花费金钱”解，差异如下：①spend与pay必须由人来作主语，而cost却由物(即it)来作主语，如：he has spent all his money on books.他把全部的钱都买了书。during the next ten years we both worked night and day to pay for it.为了还债，10年来我们俩夜以继日地干活。what will it cost me? it will cost you 20 dollars.这要花我多少钱?要花你20元钱。②spend与pay搭的介词不一样，前者常与on连用，后者常与for连用。而cost的花费，可以是金钱，还可是时间、精力或劳力等。主语是物，后接的宾语是人，不需任何介词。

33.because, since与as

because语气最强，着重说明原因或理由，引导的从句一般放在主句之后，用以回答why的问句。as的语气比because稍弱，只说明一般的因果关系，引导的从句放在主句之前、之后都可。since语气最弱，所说明的有时不是根本或直接原因，而是一种“附带原因”，引导的从句往往放在主句之前。一般译为“既然，鉴于”。

34.take, bring与fetch

三个词都是及物动词，都有“拿”的意思，但用法有所不同，主要表现在运动的方向上。①take指把人或物从说话人的地方带到别的地方去，意为“拿走”，如：don’t forget to take the schoolbag with you.别忘了把书包带去。please take this book to the library.请把这本书带到图书馆去。②bring指把人或物从别处带到说话人所在的地方，意为“带来”，如：he brought me some sweets.他给我带来了一些糖。to do such a thing will only bring trouble.做这样的事只能带来麻烦。③fetch指从说话人所在的地方到别处去把人或物带回来，意为“去取”，如：go and fetch a doctor.去请医生来。who can fetch me some chalk?谁去给我拿些粉笔来?

35.each与every

两词都是“每个”的意思，但着重点不同。each着重个别的情况，every着重全体，有“所有的”意思。如：she knows each student of the class.她认识这个班的每一个学生。she knows every student of the class.她认识这个班所有的学生。①each可作形容词，也可作代词，可用作主、宾或同位语。作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，each可用于两个或两个以上的人或物，所以它的全部否定是none或neither。②every只是形容词，后接名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。因为是形容词，所以不能说every of us，而要说each of us.③each/every…与not连用，表示部分否定，意为“并不是每个都”，如：each of them doesn't swim.他们并非都游泳。every student is not able to swim.不是每一个学生都会游泳。

36.no one与none

①no one没有人(只指人，不能用来指物)，意思与nobody相同，作主语时不需跟of短语连用，如：no one believes him since he is not honest.没有人相信他，因为他不诚实。no one else but i went.除我以外，谁也没去。②none一个也没有(既可指人，也可指任何东西)。作主语时，代替不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式，代替可数名词，谓语动词单、复数都可以。但在“主系表”句型中，如表语为复数，则系动词要用复数形式，如：none of us are (is) afraid of difficulties.我们谁也不怕困难。there is none of it left.那东西一点也没剩下。③在回答“一个都没有”时，除了注意人或物的区别外，还要看提问的角度，也就是用how many/much来问，习惯上用none来否定回答，用is there any…来问，就用no one来回答。

37.trip, travel, tour与journey

①trip是非正式用语，常可作journey的替换词，强调一次往返的短途旅程。如：he went on a trip to the nearest seaside during his vacation.假期中他到最近的海滨作了一次旅行(远足)。

②travel泛指旅行、游历，尤指国外旅行，但无路程的含义。如：we plan to travel to africa.我们计划去非洲旅行。

③tour作“游历、观光、参观访问”解，强调在“漫游，巡视”。如：the play will tour the countryside in the autumn.这出戏将于今秋在农村巡回演出。

④journey常指陆地上由一地到另一地的旅行，也指旅行的路程，是个较正式的用法。如：we made a journey to the northeast of china.我们在中国的东北作了一次旅行。

38.destroy与damage

①destroy主要在于“破坏，摧毁”的严重后果，具有主观意识，同时还有“打破(希望、计划)，消灭，歼灭(敌人)”之意，如：we’ll destroy the old world and build the new.我们将打破旧世界，建设新世界。all the hopes were destroyed.所有的希望都破灭了。the hurricane destroyed the whole town.飓风摧毁了整个镇子。

②damage“损害，破坏，损失”，主要表示“某事给……带来损害”，如：the storm caused great damage.暴风雨造成了巨大损失。his words have done a lot of damage to the government’s popularity.他的讲话给政府的声望带来很大损害。

39.be about to do sth.与be to do sth

①be about to do=to be just ready to; be going to正要，马上就，使用时不可再与表示时间的词语连用。如：we were about to leave when it started to rain.我们正要离开时，天突然下起雨来了。i was about to go to bed when there was a knock at the door.我正要上床睡觉，这时有人敲门。

②be to do sth.表示“一定会发生”，“将来的安排”，“将来可能发生”。例如：we are to get married next week.我们将于下周结婚。what am i to do?我该怎么做?i'm to see him today at 6 o'clock.我今天将在6点钟去看他。am i to go on with my speech?我要继续讲下去吗?

40.go on doing, go on to do与go on with

这三个动词短语都有“继续做某事”的意思，其区别如下：go on doing表示“继续做，一直在做的事(中间无间断)”；go on to do表示“接着做某事”，即某事已做完，接着做另一件事；go on with也表示“继续做某事”，其含义是某一动作一度中止后，又继续下去。如：he told dr bethune not to go on operating any more.他告诉白求恩大夫不要继续手术了。after reading english, i went on to do maths exercises.读了英语之后，我接着做数学练习。after having a break, we went on with our lessons.休息之后，我们继续上课。

41.too much与much too

二者都表示“太”，“非常”之意，much too为副词词组，修饰形容词、副词，但不可修饰动词。it’s much too cold.天气实在是太冷了。too much作“太多”讲有以下三种用法。

①作名词词组，如：you have given us too much.你给我们的太多了。

②作形容词词组修饰不可数名词，如：don’t drink too much wine.不要饮太多的酒。

③作副词词组修饰不及物动词，如：she talks too much.她说话太多。

42.rather与fairly

两词都可作“相当地”，“颇有几分”讲。其主要区别如下：

①fairly主要与“令人有愉快感”的形容词或副词连用，如：good, bravely, well, nice等。而rather作此意解时，则用于“令人不愉快”的形容词或副词，如：bad, ugly等。如：tom is rather lazy, but john is fairly diligent.汤姆很懒惰，而约翰却相当勤奋。

②如果一个单数名词有形容词修饰，不定冠词须放在fairly前面，而rather却是放前放后皆可。如：this is a fairly interesting book.这是一本很有趣的书。this book is rather an interesting one.(同前。)

③有些词本身无所谓“令人愉快”或“不愉快”之意，如：fast, show, hot, cold等，说话人则可用fairly来表“赞许”，用rather来表示“不以为然”。

④fairly往往表示“恰到好处，恰当”，而rather含有“太过分，有过之”之意。试比较：this book is fairly easy for you to read.(正好合适你读。) this book is rather easy for you to read.(太简单以致不合适了。)

⑤rather还可用在alike, like, similar, different等词和“有”前，此时含义是“有点儿”或“稍微”之意。如：the weather was rather worse than i had expected.这天气比我所预料的要糟糕些。

43.lively, living与alive

①lively adj. 生动的，活泼的，可作定语或表语。如：what lively colours!多么鲜艳的颜色啊! she is a lively girl.她是个活泼的姑娘。

②living adj. 活着的，健在的；n. 谋生，生计。如：living things生物；make a living谋生；earn one's living谋生度日；that man is still living.那人还健在(在世)。

③alive adj. 活的，活着的，表语性形容词，一般可与living互换。若作定语，要放在所修饰的词之后。如：that man is not dead, he is still alive.(=he is still living.)那人没死，他还活着。he is the greatest musician alive.他是活着的最伟大的音乐家。

44.instead of, in place of与take the place of

①instead of是介词短语，意思是“代替”，“而不是”，作介词短语后接名词、动名词和宾格代词；作连词短语后接不定式(一般不省略to)，谓语动词、形容词、副词和介词短语等。如：john will attend the meeting instead of his manager.约翰将代替经理出席这次会议。you should have some exercise instead of staying indoors all day long.你应多锻炼身体，不要整天呆在家里。the temperature has risen up instead of fallen d

own.温度上升了而并没有下降。this is dull instead of interesting.这不但没趣，反倒枯燥。

②in place of介词短语“代替”，通常后接名(代)词，可与instead of互换。如：people often use plastics in place of/instead of wood or metal.人们常用塑料来代替木材和金属。但instead of sb./sth.可略去介词of及其宾语，而in place of通常不能将其省略。

③take the place of动词词组，“代替”(职务，工作等)，如：most scientists agree that computers can’t completely take the place of humans.大多数科学家认为，计算机并不能完全代替人。作“代替”解时，不可将the去掉或改换为one’s，那样会引起歧义，要注意区分。

45.pain, ache和hurt

这三个词都和疼痛有关。ache和pain多作名词，hurt只能作动词。ache指“(人)身体疼痛”，往往用于持续的疼痛或因一些小病引起的感觉，常指“局部的”疼痛。back(背)、ear(耳)、head(头)、heart(心)、stomach(胃)、tummy(肚)、tooth等词与ache构成复合词，表示身体部位的疼痛。如果指身体其他部分之疼痛则用pain或ache表示，如：a pain /ache inmy foot脚痛。单数ache可与不定冠词连用，也可以不用不定冠词，如：he has got an ache in his foot.他脚痛。he has aches on his back.他背上痛。ache也可作动词，如：i ache all over.我全身疼痛。my head aches.我头痛。pain指“肉体或精神上的痛苦、悲痛”，比ache要严重些，如：she is in great pain.她深为痛苦。the boy broke his arm and cried with pain.那个男孩摔断手臂，痛得大叫。pain也可以当及物动词，指“使痛苦”，如：my foot is still paining me.我的脚还在痛。aches and pains指“疼痛”，如：i have aches and pains all over.我全身疼痛。hurt只作动词，可以指“(使)受伤，(使)疼痛，伤害”，如：he hurt his back when he fell.他跌倒时伤了背部。he was badly hurt in this traffic accident.在这起交通事故中，他受了重伤。did you hurt yourself?你弄伤自己了吗?hurt也可以指“伤害(某人的感情)；使伤心”，如：my feelings were hurt when he didn't ask me to the party.他没邀请我参加宴会，我很伤心。hurt还可以指“受损伤、有害、有不良影响”，如：it won't hurt to wait a bit longer.再等一会儿(对你)没有什么关系。some chinese big companies have seen their business hurtby nato's air strike on yugoslavia.一些中国的大公司看到了他们的生意因北约空袭南斯拉夫而受损。

46.before long和long before

before long和long before形式构成上相差不大，但其意义差别较大，也导致了它们在决定句子时态上的差异。before long“不久”，句子时态用将来时。如：this park will be open again before long. 这个公园不久将重新开放。our school will have a lot of new computers beforel ong. 我们学校不久将会有大批的新电脑。long before “很久以前”，句子时态用过去时。如：long before i received an e-mail from my american friend mary. 很久以前，我收到美国朋友玛丽的一封邮件。

47.lonely和alone

二者都可表示“孤独”，“独自”这一意思，alone指客观存在的“孤独”，而lonely更偏重一种主观感受上的“寂寞”。如：i went alone. 我是一个人去的。mary lived alone,but she didn't feel lonely. 玛丽孤身一人生活，但她并不感到孤独!

48.ill和sick

ill有病的，常用作表语，如：you look ill these days. 近来你的气色不太好。i fail ill. 我生病了。sick有病的，既可作表语又可作定语，如：a sick man 病人；mary has been sick for three weeks. 玛丽已生病了三周。sick也可表示“恶心的，呕吐的”，用作表语，如：i feel sick. 我觉得要呕吐；i am sick in the car. 我晕车。

49.happen,take place与occur

happen 常常有“偶然”的意思，多用于客观事物、情况的发生。例如：whatever has ha ppened to your arm?it's all swollen.你的手臂怎么了?肿得好历害。

occur 指有计划使某些事或效果“发生”。有时强调“呈现”于人的知觉中。例如：did it occur to you to phone them about it?你难道没想到就这事给他们打个电话?

在以具体事物、事件作主语时，happen和occur可以通用。例如：the accident happened (occurred) yesterday.事故是昨天发生的。

take place 指事件发生，但常用来表示“举行”的意思，带有非偶然性。例如：the mee ting took place last night.会议昨晚举行。

50.apart from,besides,except for与except

apart form作“除……以外(= besides)”，作“只是，除掉(=except for)”，例如： apart from sport,my other interest outside class is music.除体育外，我课外的其他 爱好是音乐。／apart from the location,we like everything about the project.这个 设计的各方面我们都喜欢，只是位置不太好。

besides意为“尤进一层；除……之外还有”，例如：i know nothing besides what i'v e told you.除了我对你讲过的之外，我别无所知。

except for 亦作 but for,意为“除……外”，例如：except for your presence, i wo uld be bored.若没有你在这里，我会感到厌烦。

except“除去，除……之外”，意味着从整体里“减去”一部分。例如：they all went except david.除了大卫，他们都去。

51.in the case of,in case of与in case

in the case of:as for; in a particular occasion of 至于；就……而??

例：a.most of the students are very diligent, but it’s different in the case of mary.大多数学生很勤奋，但就玛丽而言却不是这样。b.in the case of the population.china is the largest county in the world 就人口而言，中国是世界上最大的国家 c.in the case of a physical change no new substance is formed.就物理变化 来说，没有新的物质产生

in case of: for fear that sth. should happen; if sth. should happen 以防；万一 例：a.in case of rain, you’d better take an umbrella.你最好带把雨伞，以防下雨。

b. in case of fire, dial 119.如果发生火灾，拨打电话119。in case:if,for fear that如果，以防

例：a.in case he comes,let me know.如果他来的话，告诉我一声。 b.take your umbrella with you in case it rains.带上雨伞，以防下雨。

52.relationship与relation

relationship和relation都是指人或事物之间的联系。relationship指人时含义是有着很深感情的紧密关系，如：her relationship with her husband；这两个词都可以指相互关照、互为依赖的事物，如：the relation/relationship between temperature and humidity温度和湿度的关系。如果指人和组织之间的一种比较正规或松散的关系，就多用relations，如：the local community has good relations with the police. / relations betweenour countries are improving. comrade同志，志同道合者，显然不对。

53.recall与remind

recall和remind 容易混淆，也是经常出现的考点，它们的区别如下：

① recall,bring (sth/sb) back into the mind,recollect 使想起，使回忆

例如： i can't recall his name. 我想不起他的名字

she recalled that he had left early. 她回忆起他已经早早走了。

② remind,inform (sb) of a fact,or tell(sb) to do sth he may have forgotten,提醒……要做

例如： do i have to remind you yet again?还要我再一次提醒你吗?

travellers are reminded that malaria tablets are advisable. 旅客被提醒最好服用防虐疾病药片。

54.due to, owing to与thanks to

目前普遍认为due to与owing to为同义词，但用法不同。

due to可用在be之后，如：his lateness was due to the very heavy traffic on the motorway.她迟到是因高速公路上车辆过多所致。

due to也可用作状语，而owing to只用作状语，如：he was late owing to /due to the very heavy traffic.因交通拥挤，他迟到了。

due to可直接用在名词后：accidents due to driving at high speed were very commonthat weekend.在那个周末因高速驾驶造成的交通事故很多。

thanks to相当于“on account of; because of因为”，多用于褒义。

55.habit,practice与custom

这组名词一般含义为“习惯”

habit指个人的“习惯”，通常用于表示做事、思考问题或行为举止的不自觉的方式方法，如：i soon got back to my old bad habit of dozing off in front of the screen.不久就回到在电视屏幕前打瞌睡的坏习惯去了。

practice 既可表示个人的也可表示社会的“习惯”，这种“习惯”从性质上看是一种反复不断的或是有选择性的行为或者方法。on the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat—the normally accepted practice in many northern countries.在另一方面，一想到用动物油煎马铃薯，你便会作呕。然而在许多北欧国家里，这是为大家接受的通常习惯。i had coffee after dinner, as is my usual practice.我饭后喝咖啡，这是我的习惯。

custom 具有 habit 和 practice 的一切含义，此外，custom 还包含这样一层意思：长期而广泛采用的行为或方法，即风俗习惯，按照某地区人们共同生活及其行为的准则或规范，它不仅有指导意义，而且具有必须遵循的意义。don't be a slave to custom. 不要做风俗习惯的奴隶。it is difficult to get used to another country’s custom.要适应另一个国家的风俗习惯是很困难的。

56.method, manner与way

这组词的一般含义是“方式”或“方法”。

method所表示的“方法”可以指做某件事的具体步骤或程序，也可以指抽象概念“条理，规律”。例如：we must get some method into our office filing.我们必须把公文归档工作弄出些条理来。

manner主要表示个人喜欢采用的方式，与mode意义相近，但mode更为正式。而且manner不用于表示传统或习俗所形成的方式方法。例如：i don't object to what she says, but is trongly disapprove of her manner of saying it.我不反对她说的话，但她说这话的方式我很反感。do it in a businesslike manner.要郑重其事做这事。

way 常常出现在固定词组中，故使用频率很高，虽然在不少含way的词组中，way的意思相当于method, mode,或manner，但只用way，这是约定俗成的。例如：civilized man like such a way of living.文明人喜欢这样的生活方式。she smiled in a friendly way.她友好地笑了笑。

57.damage, destroy与ruin

都含“破坏”、“毁坏”的意思。damage 指“价值、用途降低或外表损坏等, 不一定全部破坏, 损坏了还可以修复”例: the heavy rain damaged many houses.大雨毁坏了许多房子。destroy 指“彻底毁坏以至不能或很难修复”例: that town was destroyed in a big fire.那个城镇在一场大火中被毁了。ruin现在多用于借喻中, 泛指一般的“弄坏了”例: he knocked over a bottle of ink and ruined the table cloth.他打翻了一瓶墨水把桌布弄脏了。

58.at last, in time, finally与in the end

这几个词语都有“终于”或“最后”的意思。at last 强调久等之后 例: a. when the fire had at last been put out, the forest authorities ordered several tons of special type of grassseed which would grow quickly.在火终于被扑灭的时候，森林管理局订购了好几吨特殊速生草籽。b. when the dentist at last removed the cotton wool from my mouth, i was able to tell him that he had pulled out the wrong tooth.在牙科医生终于把药棉从我嘴中取出时，我才勉强地告诉他说，他把牙拔错了。c. at last firemen have put out a big forest fire in california.消防队员终于扑灭了加利福尼亚州的一场森林大火。in time 表示经过一段不定的时间之后例: a. in time, all sams money was paid back in this way.山姆所有的钱终于都用这种办法归还了。b. you will learn how to do it in time.这项工作你最终总能学会做的。注:in time 还有“及时”的意思。finally 也表示久等之后，但有时表示在一系列因素的最后一个之后。例: a. after putting it off three times, we finally managed to have a holiday in greece.推迟了三次度假之后，我们终于在希腊度了假。b. we need to increase productivity. we need to reduce unemployment. and finally, we need to make our exports competitive on world markets.我们需要增加生产率，减少失业率，最后我们需要使我们的出口产品在国际市场上具有竞争力。in the end 和 finally 同义，但 finally 一般位于谓语前。这些词除 finally 之外，其他三个都可以用在谓语前，也可位于谓语后。例: a. in the end, we stay at home and look after everything.最后，我们还是呆在家里照看着一切。b. he tried many ways of earning, in the end he became a farm labourer.他试过许多谋生之道，最后他做了农场工人。

59.delay, postpone与put off

均含“推迟”、“延期”、“延缓”的意思。delay 指“暂时阻挠或阻挡, 稍后可再继续进行”例:the steamer was delayed by bad weather.汽轮因天气不佳而延期。postpone是正式用语, 语义较强, 指“有意识地延至将来某一特定时间”, 在多数情况下, 后面说明改在何时进行 例:the meeting has been postponed to friday.会议推迟到星期五举行。put off与postpone大致同义, 但较通俗口语化 例:lets put this off till some other time.我们还是把这搁一搁, 以后再说吧。

60.attempt与try

它们的一般含义是致力于可能成功也可能失败的某件事。attempt 的含义是去做自己希望会成功的事，常常包含冒险的意义。例：a. it will be a long time before any landing on mars can be attempted

试图在火星上着陆是一件遥远的事。b. over a year passed before the first attempt was made. 一年多的时间过去之后，才作了首次尝试。try 比 attempt 普通得多。在口语中使用 try 比使用 attempt 显得浅近通俗。但这两个词有着明显的差异。try 表示试一试，意即欲证明或检验某件事，这是attempt 所不能表达的。在表示致力于某事时，try 并不包含冒险的意思。例：a. you can try on the new coat. 这件新上衣，你可以试一试。b. i tried to say something, but my mouth was full of cotton wool.我想说句话，但我嘴里塞满了药棉。

61.remain 与stay

都指“继续停留”或“继续保持某种状态、关系或行动。”

remain 常可与stay 互换, 但它强调“继续停留于一处或保持原状态、情况性质而不改变”,

如:this place remains cool all summer.这个地方整个夏天都凉爽。

stay强调“某人［物］继续留在原地而不离开”,

如:he stayed to see the end of the game.他一直呆到比赛结束。

62.shade与shadow

这两个词虽非同义词，有时却容易混淆。前者是作“荫”讲，而后者是作“影”讲。

如：we take a nap in the shade of a large tree.我们在树荫下打了一个盹。

we took a nap in the shodow of a large tree.我们在树影下打了个盹。

63.get, acquire, gain 与 obtain

这些词表示获得某物。在这些词中，get 最为普遍，用途很广，可用于这里讨论的每一个场合。它可用于强有力的夺取，也可用于消极的接受：the police trying to get their man警察试图抓住他们要抓的人；getting the joke after everyone else in the room was in hysterics 直到屋里的每个人都狂笑起来以后才理解那个笑话。当然，get 在成语短语中的用法很多。由于某些成语可能不正式，有人觉得有必要尽可能多的换用obtain。 obtain 较为正式，但是作为get 的替换词，常令人觉得夸张或做作：getting her to sign the paper 请她在文件上签字；obtaining her signature on the paper 得到她在文件上的签字。

64.all与whole

两者作为形容词，都有“整个的…，完全的”的意思，但两者用法有所不同。 当与复数名词连用时，whole的意思是“整个的”，而all表示的是“所有的”，近乎于“每一个”，例如： all my books are here. 我所有的书(每一本书)都在这儿。两者在句中的位置不同，all放在the或物主代词或that 之前，例如： all the children所有的孩子.all that afternoon整个下午。whole则紧接名词，放在the或物主代词或that之后，例如： the whole story整个故事

65.first与at first

两者都可表示“首先”。first用来表示一系列动作或事物的开始，例如：first turn right，then turn left at the second turning.首先向右转，然后在第二个转弯处向左转。first还可用于列举，表示“第一”的序列关系。at first多暗示后来发生的事情或动作与以前不同，甚至相反，意为“起初”，例如：at first he knew nobody, but now he has many good friends.开始他谁也不认识，但现在他有许多好朋友。

66.in front of与in the front of

in front of意思是“在……前面”，如：there is a tree in front of the house.房子前面有一棵树。而in the front of意思是“在……前部”，如：there is a blackboard in the front of the classroom.教室里前部有一块黑板。因此，in the front of是指在某个空间范围内的前面。

67.lesson与class

这两个词都是名词，lesson意思是“课，功课”，如：there are four lessons every morning.每天上午有四堂课。lesson one第一课。class的意思比lesson广泛一些，除了作“课”讲以外，还作“班”讲，如：no classes没有课，in front of the class在全班同学前面。

68.find与find out

两者都有“发现”的意思，但语义有差别。find有偶然发现某物的意味，如：he found a bag on the floor.他发现地板上有个书包。find out指经过，探听，询问，调查之后的“发现”或“弄清楚”。如：please find out who took my book by mistake.请查清楚谁拿错了我的书。

69.at night与in the night

这两个短语同义，都作“在夜间”讲，但at night是泛指的，相当于during any night的意思，而in the night则是特指的，相当于on a particular night的意思。试比较：we all go to sleep at night.到了晚上我们大家都去睡了。there was a full moon in the night.那天晚上明月当空。

70.can和be able to

这两个词(词组)都表示能够，但can只能用于一般现在时，用于一般过去时要用could,如：i can

swim. 我会游泳。i could speak a little english when i was young. 当我小的时候，我就能讲一点英语。而be able to除了用于一般现在时和一般过去时外，还可以用于其他所有时态，如：lucy has been able to write letters in chinese for a long time. 露西已经能够用汉语写信有很长一段时间了。you will soon be able to do it well. 你将很快能够把它做好。另外was able to 有成功地做成什么事的意思。

71.special, particular, especial与peculiar

这四个词都表示“特殊的”，“特别的”。

special“特别的”，“特殊的”，“特设的”，“专门的”，着重指某事物具有自己特有的性质、性格或个性，非同一般的，不同寻常的，与同类明显相异。常用介词about,to等。例如：you must have special permission to photograph these paintings. 你必须有特别许可证才能拍照这些画。it's not like ordinary photographs.there's something special about it.这不同于一般的照片，这张照片有一些独特的地方。

particular“特别的”，“特殊的”，“某一特定的”，“过于讲究的”，强调同类中某一个体所具有的独特性质，常用介词about,as to,over,to等。例如：bacteriology,in particular,microbiology had fascinated him. 细菌学，特别是微生物学使他陶醉。the manag

er is particular about quality. 经理对质量要求十分严格。

especial“特别的”，“特殊的”，含有优越或偏好的意义，多用于书面语。例如：oxford architecture receives especial attention. 牛津大学的建筑特别引人注目。she has no especial personal ambition. 她没什么特别的个人奢望。

peculiar“特别的”，“独特的”，“独有的”，强调某一个体或某一集团所独有的或特有的、独特的或与众不同的，在同类事物中与其它相异而又非同寻常的。常用介词about,in,to等。例如：language is peculiar to mankind. 语言是人类特有的。there's something peculiar about him. 他这个人有点特别。

72.ordinary, common, general, popular和unive

ordinary“普通的”，“平常的”，“平凡的”，词义与common相近。指符合一般或常规事物标准或相同的规格，因而只具有普通的特性。如：that is quite an ordinary event.那是件很平常的事。 the book describes the way of life of the ordinary people of mexico. 这本书描述墨西哥平民的生活方式。

common“普通的”，“平常的”，“共有的”，指从质量或品德上无特殊，显眼或杰出之处，因而是大多数人或事物所具有的，常见的。如：its an error quite common among scholars. 这是学者们常犯的错误。 it's too common to mention. 这是司空见惯的，不值一提。

general“一般的”，“普通的”，含有例外情况较少之意或暗示包括全部的同一范畴的事物。如：she referred to her trip in a general way. 她只是概括地谈了下她的旅行情况。there is no general rule without some exception. 凡普通规律都有例外。

popular“常见的”，“普通的”，“大众的”，“受欢迎的”，指属于、存在于或代表大众的某事物，强调常见的，大众化的特征。如：he speaks in popular language. 他用通俗的语言讲话。 he is popular for his kindness. 他因心地善良而受人爱戴。

universal “一般的”，“普通的”，“普遍的”，有完全没有例外之意。如：its the universal truth. 这是一名普遍的真理。there was universal recognizing at his victory. 人们普遍为他的胜利高兴。

73.respond, answer和reply

respond“应答”，“作出反应”，往往指对号召、职责、请求等自发的或自觉的用书面或口头作出反应或响应。如：he responded briefly to the questions. 他简短扼要地回答了问题。 they declared that they responded with resolution to this statement.他们宣布响应这个声明。

answer回答，是使用最广泛的词，凡是书面或口头回答问题争论，指责等都可以用answer.回答可能同意、不同意，甚至反对。如：he asked me some personal questions and i did not answer him. 他问了我几个私人问题，我没有回答他。 the professor answered the question with a nod. 教授点头示意，回答了这个问题。

reply “回答”，比answer正式，多用于书面语，主要指经过考虑针对所提问题的内容作出正式的回答或答复，所答复的内容可能是一种解释，也可能是一种反驳。如：for a moment, arthur was at a loss how to reply it. 亚瑟一时不知如何回答这个问题。 please reply at your earliest convenience. 请尽早回信。

74.intend,mean与design

这组动词的一般含义是"意欲"或"打算"。

intend: 强调"意欲"做某一件确定的事，或者"决意"达到某一确定的目的。此外这个词常用于表达"意欲"使某人从事某职业，或"打算"某物用作何种目的。

e.g. erna intends to take short rests every two hours. 欧娜打算每隔两小时休息片刻。

the dictionary is intended for the beginners. 这本词典是为初学者编的。

mean: 常常可以和intend互换使用。但不强调决心达到某一目的。

e.g. he always meant to go back one day, but not to stay. 他总想某一天回去，但不住下。

design: 强调为达到某目的，事先作过精心安排和仔细考虑。此外，这个词还包含"预谋" 、"策划"或"以阴险的手段"达到自己的目的这一意义。

e.g. these peculiar forms not only seemed designed to shock people emotionally,

but to give them electric shocks as well!这些奇怪的造型设计，似乎不仅用来在感情上给人们以强烈的震撼，而且给人以电击般的刺激。

did you design this, or did it just happen itself? 这件事是你有意安排的还是它自行发生的?

75.wide和broad

二者均指宽阔的。两词虽时常互用，但wide强调从一边到另一边的距离；broad强调两边之 间面积的广大，尤指比一般的大，例如：a wide ocean separates america from europe. 广阔的大洋隔开美洲与欧洲。ships sail on the broad ocean.船航行于广袤无垠的大海上 。

注意：open one's eyes wide / one's broad shoulders

76.be familiar with 和be familiar to

familiar指对……熟悉的，后面可接介词with或to，意义不同。

be familiar with, having a good knowledge of 熟悉的，对……熟谙的，例如：facts wi th which every schoolboy is familiar每位学童所熟悉的事实。/i am not very familia r with botanical names.我不太熟悉植物学方面的名词。

be familiar to,sth be wellknown to sb.某事为某人所熟知，例如：these subjects a re familiar to you.这些科目为你所熟知。

77.affect, effect与influence

affect 首先可以指三种情况：①对某物或某事产生不良的影响，通常以被影响的词作为宾语。例如：hot weather affects his health.炎热的天气影响了他的健康；②使之改动，使之变化，用于这层意思时没有好坏的意思，例如：he wasn't affected by the news.他听了这消息后无动于衷；③ 感动，例如：his speech affected the audience deeply.他的讲话深深打动了观众。

effect 通常以改进和变化之类的词作宾语，着重造成一种特殊效果。

influence 的影响与上两个不同，它是指通过劝说、行为、事例等对另一方的行为、性格、观点产生潜移默化的影响，例如：what we read influences our thinking.我们阅读的书本会影响我们的思想。

78.remain与stay

两词都有“停留”的意思，有时可通用。如：he will remain (stay) to dinner.他将留下来吃晚饭。两词作为连系动词，表示“保持某一状态”时，可以通用。如：the door remained (stayed) open.门继续开着。remain着重指在别人已离去，或其他人或物都有变动以后，其主语“仍继续停留”或“保持原来状态”。它可以表示出一种对比的含义。如：the others had gone, he remained and put back the chairs.别人都离去后，他留下来把椅子放回原处。he has lived in france for two years. however, his french remains poor.他已在法国居住了两年，但他的法语仍然很糟糕。stay无法表示这种对比。如：it’s too hot outside. why not stay at home and watch tv?外面太热了。何不就呆在家里看电视呢?

表示“暂住(某处)……”，“客居(某地)”时，只能用stay。如：he stayed there for a couple of weeks.他在那里暂住了两个星期。

79.as 和like

as 和like 一样，都可以用作介词。但是其意思却不完全相同。like 意思是“像……一样”，侧重人或事物之间的比较。as 意思是“作为”，“如同”，侧重人或事物的同一性，意味着属于一类或完全相似。比较：now, i’m talking to you like a father.现在我象父亲一样对你说话(说话的人不是父亲)。now, i'm talking to you as a father.现在我作为父亲(以父亲的身份)对你说话(说话的人是父亲)。

又如：you are of a cool temper like your father.你脾气冷静得像你父亲似的(指相似)。you are of a cool temper as your father.你的冷静脾气与你父亲一样(指程度相同)。

80.normal与regular

normal与regular都表示正常，区别在于：

normal指正常的，强调与一般情况差别很小的。如：the normal temperature of human body is about 37℃.人体的正常体温大约是37℃。

regular指定期的，有规律的，如：you must keep regular hours.你生活要有规律。

81.worth, worthy 与worthwhile

worth价值，可贵之处，作形容词时与worthy和worthwhile都是“值得……”的意思，但用 法不同，如：this book is worth reading./this book is worth 3 yuan./it's wort hwhile to visit (visiting) this place./this place is worthy of a visit (visiting ).

worth只作表语，它后面一般接动名词，也可接名词，但只限于钱数，不接不定式。如果 用不定式或动名词作主语，则要用it's worthwhile…结构，把不定式、动名词放在句末；

worthy是形容词，worthy可作表语，也可作定语，作表语时，后跟of接名词或动名词，也 可以接不定式。

worthwhile和worth虽均有“值得的”意思，worth只作表语，用于be worth sth.短语中， 如：it's worth the trouble.麻烦一点值得。this watch is worth this much money.这 块手表值这么多钱；而worthwhile意为“值得一做的(worth doing)”，既可作表语，如：t hese results were not worthwhile. 也可用作定语。

82.rise 与 raise

这两个词虽不同义，但因意义上有联系而易被混淆。rise 上升，上涨，起床，站立。含义较广，总的意思是指依次上升，如自然界的日、月、星、雾、云的上升，人体从睡、跪、坐、躺等姿势站立起来等。该词为不及物动词，其过去式与过去分词分别是rose 和 risen。例如：the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 日出于东而落于西。/ prices rise every day in those countries. 那些国家里的物价天天上涨。 /the chairman rose from his chair. 主席从椅子上站了起来。 raise 及物动词，其基本含义是“使升起来，举起”，它的过去分词和过去式都是raised。例如：heavy rains raised the river. 暴雨使河水水位升高。/ we must raise the living standard of the people. 我们必须提高人民的生活水平。/ his speech raised my interest. 他的发言激起了我的兴趣。与raise 常搭配的固定说法有：raise a subject 提出一个问题 / raise one's voice 提高嗓门 / raise a family 养家糊口 / raise money 筹款/raise price 提高价格/ raise one's spirits 打起精神。

83.goal 与 aim

goal 目的，目标。常用于文学作品中，强调个人精心选定的目标，含有不达目的不罢休、与困难拼搏的意思，该词本身使人联想到参加赛跑的人，他们必须跑到终点。goal 也指赛跑的终点。如：he sticks stubbornly to his goal of education reform. 他不屈不挠地坚持他的奋斗目标——教育改革。/ his goal in life is to become a writer. 他一生的目标就是成为一个作家。 aim 目的，目标。呈单数形式时，指目标，但较 goal 具体、简单、近期，决心也稍弱。该词修辞色彩也较朴素。呈复数形式时，指笼统的理想与目标。如:what is your aim in working so hard? 你这样拼命工作，图的是什么? / she showed steadiness and courage in the pursuit of her aims. 她在追求自己的目标时表现出坚定性与勇气。

84.hurt injure harm 与 damage

1)hurt 普通用语，既可指肉体上的伤害，也可精神上，感情上的伤害。如：

the driver hurt himself badly in the accident.那位司机在那次事故中伤得很重。

注意：指肉体上的伤害时，hurt可与badly，slightly，seriously等连用；但如果指精神上的创伤，只能说very much/rather/deeply hurt。

2）injure比hurt正式，hurt多指伤痛，而injure则指损害健康，成就，容貌等，强调功能的损失。如：

a bullet injured his left eye.一颗子弹伤了他的左眼。

3）harm用于肉体或精神上的伤害均可，有时可指引起不安或不便，还可用于抽象事物，尤其是指不道德的事情，如：

don't harm your eyes by reading in dim light.不要在昏暗的灯光下看书，以免损害眼睛。

4）damage主要指对于物的损害，强调对于价值，用途，外观等所造成的损失，这种损失或因自然灾害所致，或因人为造成。如：

he damaged my car with a stone.他用石头砸坏了我的汽车。

5）wound指枪伤，刀伤，刺伤等皮肉之伤，是出血的，严重的伤，特指战场上受伤，它可以指肉体上的伤害，也可指人们精神上的创伤。如；

the bullet wounded his arm.子弹打伤了他的一只胳膊。

85.much too和too much

much too: much用在too之前加强语气，该词意思为“实在太，非常”，常用在形容词和副词前。例如：

it’s much too cold here in winter,这儿冬天非常冷。

that book is much too dear. i don’t want to buy it.那本书实在太贵，我不想买。

he drove the car much too fast.他车开得实在太快了。

too much:too用在much之前，说明“多”的程度。该词意为“太多”，常用在不可数名词前或动作名词后。例如：

there’s too much snow and ice in winter.冬天有太多的冰雪。

watching tv too much is bad for your health.看电视太多对身体不利。

86.live alive与living

意思都含“活的”。

living 用于生物时, 指“活着的”, 即可作定语也可做表语。如:

the living are more important to us than the dead.

对我们来说在世的人比去世的人更重要。

she has no living relatives.

她没有还健在的亲戚。

alive 指“活着的”、“在世的”, 着重于状态, 它只用作表语, 如:

the spy was caught alive though he died from wounds the next day.

特务被活捉, 不过第二天便因重伤而死。

live 只用于物, 指“活的”, 如:

a live rat

一只活鼠。

87.agree with ,agree on , agree to

agree on表示"就......取得一致意见"，如:

we all agree on (making) an early start.

我们一致同意及早出发。

agree with 表示"与......意见一致"，"与......相符"，后面既可以跟表示人的名词或人称代词，也可以跟表示意见、看法的名词或what引出的从句，如:

i agree with you without reservation.

我毫无保留地同意你的意见。

we agree with what you said just now.

我们同意你刚才所说的意见。

agree to后面不能接人,只能接"提议;计划;方案"等词句。

i agree to the terms proposed.

我同意拟议的条件。

88.include和contain

include表示一个整体由几个部分组成，侧重包括者只是整体的一部分。例如：the bill includes tax and service．

contain指一个整体包括的内容，侧重“内有”的意思。例如：try to avoid foods which contain a lot fat．

89.clothes和clothing

clothes泛指服装，包括上、下装，内、外衣

clothing是衣着的总称，无复数形式，如：man''s clothing

90.huge/large/big区别

这三个形容词都可以表示“大”。

big和 large所修饰的一般是具体事物。

big侧重表示一个物体的块头、重量，含有庞大、笨重的意思，其反义词是little;

large侧重表示一个物体的宽度和数量，有广阔和众多的意思，其反义词是 small。在现代口语中两者可互换，big较为口语化，large比较正式。例如：

this is a big/large room.这是一个大房间。

big还可作“长大了的”解，large没有这个意思。例如：

she is big enough to ride a bike.她长大了，足可以骑自行车了。

huge 是庞大的;巨大的意思。例如：

i have a huge pile of letters to deal with.

我有一大堆信件要处理。

91.real和true

real表示“真的……”“真实的”“名符其实的”，指的是事实上存在，不是想象的或虚构的。

eg. i’m learning to skate on real ice .

我在真正的冰上学滑冰。

true“真正的，真的”，表示的是和事实及事实情况相符的，而不是编造的。

eg. the news is true . 这个消息是真的。

he told me a true story . 他给我讲了一个真实的故事。

92.year by year与year after year

the boy grows taller year by year, and he visits his

grandmother in the country on her birthday year after

year. 男孩逐年长高了，但他年年去乡下庆祝奶奶的生日。

（逐年长高是“变化”，而年年去乡下是“不变”的。）

year by year与year after year的区别

year by year = each year, one following on another 每年（把时间分开看待，一年接着一年）。例如：

year by year we grow a little older.每年我们都变老了一些。

而year after year = one year after another, without brea 年年；年复一年（把时间作为整体看待，期间没有间断）。例如：

we have been to that place for a holiday year after year, for i don''t know how long.我们年年到那个地方度假，我不知道有多少年了。

93.noise/voice/sound

这三个词都作“声音”解，在表示“听到声音”这个意思时，三者可以通用。

i heard a sound/noise/voice（我听到一个声音）。

但它们又各有特定的含义。

* sound 作“声音”解，含义最广，指可以听到的任何声音。

a weak sound 微弱的声音

a sharp sound 尖锐的声音

an eardeafening sound 震耳欲聋的声音

* noise 作“噪音”，“嘈杂声”、“吵闹声”解，特指不悦耳，不和谐的声音(loud and unpleasant sound)。它既可作可数名词，也可作不可数名词。

another kind of pollution is noise．

另外一种污染是噪音。(这里不能用sound)

* voice 作“声音”解时，多指人发出的声音，包括说话声、歌声和笑声，有时也用于引申意义，作“意见”、“发言权”解。

he shouted at the top of voice.

他高声呼喊。

i have no voice in the matter.

对于这件事，我没有发言权。

94.none 与 no one

none指“没有一个人”或“没有一个物”，既可以指人，又可以指物。动词既可以复数，有时也可以用单数。表示全部否定。例如：

none of us are (is) afraid of difficulties .

none of these books (is) interesting .

none of the money is mine .

none of the students has (have) seen the film.

no one 是两个单词，不能写成一个单词。no one=nobody ，只能指人，不指物。动词指能用单数。

no one wants to go.

no one will make friends with me

95.kind sort 与 type

kind 可以译作“种类”，一般指属于同种性质和特质的东西，以便把一个种类的事物与其它种类的事物区分开。

type 则指比kind更具体的东西，译作“型”“类型”。

例如：1 a cow is a kind of animal .(牛是一种动物。)

2 this is a new type of dictonary .

(这是一种新型词典。)

按英语习惯用法，凡表带有轻蔑的意思时，要用sort而不用kind。当然，在一般情况下，二者可以互换。例如：there are all kinds（sorts）of trees and flowers in the san su park（三苏公园）。

96.opinion thought idea view

opinion view 都含“对某人、某物的看法或想法”的意思。

opinion系常用词, 指“对事物或问题经过思索后提出的意见、主张、看法”, 含有“初步的”、“不十分肯定”的意味, 如:

what''s your opinion of mr li? 你对李先生的看法如何?

view 指“见解”、 “观点”, 侧重“对较广泛、重大或有关公众的问题所采取的态度”, view 比opinion更为肯定、全面和有系统, 如:

may i know your views on the question?

我能知道你对这个问题的看法吗?

idea和thought 都含“念头”、“想法”、“观念”的意思。

idea为一般用语, 指“由于理解、思索、推理、幻想而产生于脑中的思想、念头、主意、想法”, 如:

the idea of death is frightening to most people. 死的想法对于大多数人都是可怕的。

thought指“经过思考或推理而形成的思想、看法或想法”, 如:

he has many thoughts on the matter. 他对这事有许多想法。

97.result in和result from

前者表示"结果";后者表示"原因"。

the damage resulted from the fire. 这损害由火灾造成。

their efforts resulted in failure. 他们的努力归于失败

98.specially especially particularly

especially相当于in particular做“特别地”；specially相当于on purpose 做“专门地、特意地”；particularly=especially指“特别、尤其”，especially指用于正式问题，particularly既可用于正式问题，也可用于日常口语。

99.view sight 与 scene

sight指"景色"是可数名词时，往往指眼见的景色，如供人游览的"景"和"名胜"，但尤指人工制成的景。one of the beautiful sights is the castle.那城堡是美景中的一个。

view和scene所表达的景色都是scenery中的一部分，往往指自然景色。view强调看到景色的整体印象，scene强调景色本身。

如：do you enjoy the ten famous views of the west lake?你喜欢西湖十景吗？

there is a lovely view from this window .从这个窗子可以看到一片秀丽的景色。

there is a happy scene of children playing in the garden.孩子们在花园里玩耍，好一派欢乐的景象。

100.hit,beat与strike

beat 打，敲击，指用手或物等连续地打，敲击，如殴打或体罚，敲鼓/桌子等。

hit 打,打中,击中,表示瞬间的动作,着重打中或击中这一结果或强调敲打、打击对象的某一点。只作及物动词用。

strike 指用力地“打击”，表示短暂的动作，含有急速的或突然的一次性的殴打、打击或敲击，是普通用词，有时与hit通用，并用于比喻意义。

101.such as 和for example

这两个短语都可以作“例如”解。for example用来举例说明某一论点或情况，一般只举同类人或物中的“一个”为例，作插入语，可位于句首，句中或句末。例如：

ball games, for example, have spread around the world.

例如，球类运动就已经在世界各地传播开了。

what would you do if you met a wild animal？？a lion, for example?

如果遇上野兽，例如狮子，你该怎么办？

such as用来列举事物时，一般列举同类人或事物中的几个例子。插在被列举的事物与前面的名词之间，as后面不可有逗号。例如：

some of the rubbish, such as food, paper and iron, rots away over a long period of time.

有些废物，如剩饭、废纸和废铁，时间一久就烂掉了。

注意：使用这个短语时，后面列举的事物的数量不能等于它前面所提到的总和，一旦相等就要用that is或namely。如不可以说：i have three good friends, such as john, jack and tom. 应该说：i have three good friends, that is, john, jack and tom。我有三个好朋友，即约翰、杰克和汤姆。

102.reason 和cause

the ____ of the big fire was his carelessness.

a.reason b.cause c.causing d.reasoning

解答：b。reason强调一种推理的理由，而cause是指导致某件事情发生的人或事。

103.when while 与 as

1,when表示“当……的时候”。从句中既可用延续性动词，又可用非延续性动词，这些动词既可以表示动作，又可表示状态。从句中的动作既可和主句的动作同时发生，又可在主句的动作之前或之后发生。如：

when i came into the room, i found him lying there asleep.

mary was having dinner when i saw her.

when you meet a word you don''t know, consult the dictionary.

she was beautiful when she was a girl.

如果when从句的主语与主句主语相同，谓语又是be动词，从句主语和be可以省略：当when从句主语与主句主语相同时，用when加分词可以替代状语从句。如：

when（you are）in trouble, ask her for help.

when（i was）sleeping, i never heard a thing.

2，as

(1)表示"当……时"、"和……同时"。常指从句的动作未结束，主句中的动作就已发生。从句中多用表示动作的动词，而不用be动词或表示感觉、理解、知道这类动词。

as he stood there, he saw two men enter the bar.

she dropped the glass as she stood up.

as i was walking down the street, an american asked me for directions to the nearest station.

(2)用于平行的动作中，表示"一面……一面……"。常指一个主语同时进行两个动作。如：

he sang as he worked.

the students took notes as they listened.

3,while表示"在……的时候"、"在……期间"。它强调主句的动作与从句的动作同时发生或主句的动作发生在从句的动作过程中。while从句中必须是表示动作或状态的延续性动词。如：

never get on or off a bus while it is in motion.

the weather was fine while we were in beijing.

she called while i was out.

104.become,get和turn

get，turn，become等均可译为“变得”，但它们在用法上有些区别。

（1）get用于日语，通常跟随比较级。

it gets coldr。天气变冷了。

（2）turn是指在颜色和性质等方面变得与原来不同。

his face truned red。他的脸变红了。

（3）become是指身份、职位的变化，作瞬间动词时指状态的变化。

he becomes a teacher 。他成了一名老师。

将来“成为”不用“become”而用"be"。

she will be a teacher。她将成为一名老师。

105.near 与 beside

near,by,beside表示“在……附近”的区别：

near表示相对的“近”， 实际距离可能还很远。例如：

suzhou is near shanghai.

there is a post office near our school.

beside表示“靠近”，实际距离不可能很远，例如：

he was sitting beside her.

人格的心得体会篇5

党的十六届三中全会提出：“坚持以人为本，树立全面、协调、可持续的发展观，促进经济社会和人的全面发展”。这是我党以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导，从新世纪新阶段党和国家事业发展全局出发，提出的科学发展观的重大战略思想。在党的十七大上，科学发展观正式写入了党章。科学发展观的本质和核心是以人为本，只有深刻理解以人为本，才能全面把握科学发展观的精神实质和科学内涵，切实做到以科学发展观统领经济社会发展全局，把科学发展观落到实处。

以人为本，就是以实现人的全面发展为目标，从人民群众的根本利益出发谋发展、促发展，不断满足人民群众日益增长的物质文化需要。科学发展观的落脚点在人，归根到底是为了人的全面发展。因此，“以人为本”就是要从人的特点或实际出发，一切制度安排和政策措施“要体现人性，要考虑人情，要尊重人权，不能超越人的发展阶段，不能忽视人的需要。作为一名护理管理者，要深刻理解和把握科学发展观的本质和内涵，牢固树立科学发展观，在工作中坚持理论和实际相结合，因地制宜、因时制宜，把科学发展观的要求贯穿于各方面的工作。“以人文本”的科学发展观在护理管理工作中主要体现在两个方面：首先体现在对护理人员实施以人为本的管理，其次，体现在为病人施行人性化护理服务。

一、树立以人为本的科学发展观，对护理人员实施以人为本的管理科学发展观把人作为社会发展的主体。只有坚持以人为本，才能充分发挥人的积极性和创造性，从而推动经济社会等各项事业不断发展。护士是医院工作的主体，护理质量的好坏直接关系到医院的生存和发展，做好护理管理提高护理质量是护士长的根本职责和任务。因此，在工作中要树立以人为本的科学发展观，实施以人为本的管理。在制定各项工作计划时要充分考虑人的本性,尊重人、理解人、关心人、爱护人,满足人的基本需求和基本愿望,一切管理活动都要以人为核心，以激发和调动人的积极性、主动性、创造性为目的来进行，增加护士的职业认同感，更加热爱临床护理工作，更好地为病人服务。

1、尊重护士的人格。人是社会的人，人有生理需求、安全需求、被尊重的需求、人际交往的需求和自我实现的需求，且只有低层次的需求得到满足之后，人们才可以更加安心地工作，更愿意全心的付出，达到自我管理和自我实现。因此，在护理管理过程中，应经常提醒自己，要尊重护士人格，对护士给予人文关怀。如：在工作中要重视护士的想法;给予护士一定的自主权;让护士有参与感;对护士偶尔出现的工作失误，选择适当的场合进行批评教育等。

2、加强关爱和沟通。在以人为本的科学发展观中，人是最重要的因素，一切管理活动均应以调动人的积极性、做好人的工作为主。作为一名合格的管理者，不仅要有一套严格的管理制度，还要对护士倾注爱心，时刻把护士的疾苦、冷暖挂在心上，尽自己最大努力为护士排忧解难，使护士感受到温暖和关爱，增强护理队伍的向心力、凝聚力。在一个群体中，如果彼此关系融洽，就会产生群体增加作用，达到1+1+1>3的效果，这个群体就会产生内聚力;反之，就会产生群体减力作用，使1+1+1t;3，这个群体就会产生摩擦力。所以护士长的责任在于创造和维持一种有利于调动积极性和团结友爱和谐的环境氛围。

3、做到公平和公正。在日常工作中，护士长要做到对事不对人，克服偏见，一视同仁，维护护理人员的心理平衡，给大家创造平等的竞争机会，充分发挥每个人的潜能，为实现护理目标而努力。

4、善于运用激励方法。作为护理管理者，应善于运用激励方法，充分发挥护士的积极性、主动性和创造性，及时发现护士的优点，给她们机会和空间表现自己，充分发挥个人所长。

5、从自身做起，树立榜样。作为一个护理管理者，不仅是指挥者，更重要的是要带动一群人，这就需要管理者本身能起到潜移默化的作用，使被领导者信服，从而尊重和服从领导，愿意追随。因此，护士长应把提高自身素质和敬业精神放在首位，其个人的政治态度、工作作风、品德修养、风度仪表、言谈举止等都应起到表率作用。

6、换位思考，增进沟通。要把“以人为中心”的管理作为最根本的指导思想，坚持一切从“人”出发的管理理念。护士长在平时工作中要多去换位思考，多从他人的角度去考虑、感受某些问题。从护士的角度出发，将护士看作朋友，而不是下级;遇事要冷静，处理要得当，在护士面前讲话要用词得当，不要伤害护士的自尊心;在困难面前，要与护士同甘苦、共患难。这样护士才会把你当作贴心人，有话愿意对你讲，有事才能同心协力去完成，工作才会积极主动。

7、合理安排，用人之长。科学发展观的第一要义是发展。作为管理者，要有科学的、发展的眼光，要了解每名护士的特长，在工作中合理安排，做到扬长避短，让每个人都处于最能发挥其长处的岗位上，最大限度地发挥每个人的优势，产生最大的经济和社会效益。

二、树立以人为本的科学发展观，为病人实施人性化护理服务.在护理工作中，以人为本的科学发展观，体现在为病人实施人性化护理服务上，以病人为中心，尊重病人的权利，满足病人的需要，为病人提供舒适的、安全的护理服务。

1、树立以病人为中心的服务观念。随着社会的发展，人们对健康需求认识的不断提高，护理人员首先应转变服务观念以适应时代发展的要求，牢固树立以病人为中心的服务理念,使为病人提供人性化服务深深扎根于思想观念当中，成为一种自觉行为，真正做到想病人所想,急病人所急,变“要我服务”为“我要服务”,变“病人等我”为“我迎病人”。

2、尊重病人的生命价值、人格尊严和个人隐私。随着人们对健康需求及生存期望值的提高,护理人员不仅要满足病人求生存、求健康的需求，还应维护病人的人格尊严和个人隐私,意识到病人个人尊严不能因生命活动力降低而递减,护理工作者有责任帮助病人维护人格尊严。

3、加强沟通,做好健康教育。整体护理作为一种理念，已渗透到临床工作的各个方面。病人的社会经历、文化程度、疾病种类和病情严重程度不同，要求我们护理人员应理解和尊重病人，与病人多沟通,了解病人的需要、需求、期望和感受,进行个性化的服务和健康教育。

4、重视细节管理。细节决定成败。护理人员的人性化服务体现在每一个细微之处,往往一个微笑、一句温暖的语言、一个得体的抚摸可起到药物无法替代的作用。所以,护理人员应提高自身修养,精练技术,不断完善自我,将端庄的仪表、美好的语言、得体的行为、精湛的技术体现在为病人提供的人性化服务中。

总之，在护理管理上实施以人为本的管理，在护理工作中处处体现人性化服务理念，是时代发展的需求，是社会进步的表现，是以人为本的科学发展观在临床护理工作中的具体体现，也是我们今后工作的目标和努力的方向，我们将在工作中牢固树立以人为本的科学发展观，并以科学发展观为指导，认真贯彻和落实以人为本的服务理念，树立全心全意为人民服务的思想，满足人们不断增长的健康需求，为社会主义健康事业贡献自己微薄的力量。

人格的心得体会篇6

随着物质文化水平的提高，人们的质量意识和安全意识不断增强。护理质量直接关系到病人的生命与健康，关系到我们医院在社会公众中的形象。因此，加强护理质量管理，不断提高护理服务质量，使病人满意是护理质量监控的主要任务，是医院工作的主要目标，也是护理质量监控人员所讨论的重要课题。为了达到这一目标重要手段就是采取有效的护理质量监控措施。为了适应新的护理工作发展模式的需要，我院护理部已经实行了由护理部、病区护士长、病区质控员及护士组成的护理质量控制路径，从而保证了护理安全，提高护理质量。我们应该从增强质量监控的意识、完善质量监控的体系、加强质量监控的环节、做好质量监控的反馈等方面着手做好质量监控。

护理工作的对象是人，质量控制的目标是零缺陷，护理质量监控的重点强化预先控制行为。当然，由于护理工作琐碎、复杂，受许多客观因素的影响，所以还要加强同期控制，并定期进行反馈控制。同时在护理质量控制的中，要发挥护士自我控制的能动性。标准和规章制度再好，护士的能动性不发挥，一切工作就难以落实。目前强调以人为本，就是要发挥人的主观能动性，让每一位护理人员都参与质量控制自觉地依照标准和制度，自己按既定的目标努力工作，对自身行为进行约束和控制。

一、增强质量控制意识，将质量监控落实到每一个人

医疗护理质量的高低直接影响医院的整体发展。针对这种情况，我们应该不断健全护理质量监控体系，实行全员参与质量监控，强化质量的内涵，真正的把质量控制落实到实处;我们应该采取多种渠道强化质量监控的意识，反复强化护理质量控制的重要性及必要性对全体护理人员进行广泛教育，弘扬以病人为中心，对病人高度负责，对技术精益求精的无私奉献精神，增强护理人员事业心和责任感，同时将质量控制结果落实到科室、个人，将护士各个岗位质量同科室目标管理、经济利益挂钩。

二、完善质量控制体系

完善医院护理质量控制机构。制定质控机构的工作任务，应该充分发挥科室质控小组的作用，激励护士全员参与质控制的积极性，使每个质控成员了解质控内容的细则，掌握质控标准，做好质控分析，找出存在的不足，使护理工作从被动管理转变到主动全员参与管理。护理质量控制的最终目标是满足患者的需求，提高医院护理服务水平，通过科室质控小组质量控制，针对性地提高护士的基本素质，及时发现工作的薄弱环节，使护士了解自己有待解决的问题，并且决心去改进，用积极的态度参与考核，改变过去在质量控制中的应付、突击、补救行为，将考核标准和内容作为规范，把为患者提供优质服务的基本要求贯穿于临床护理实践的全过程，做到人人参与质量控制，使护理质量控制结果达到真正让患者满意的效果。

三、加强环节质量控制

除了护理部组织护士长对科室进行不定时的护理质量检查，发现问题及时指出;同时，发挥好各科室质量控制小组的作用，随时对科室护理工作进行质控，发现问题及时反馈，提出整改措施，，对自己科室护士的工作质量先进行自查、自考、自评，做到心中有数，不合格者限期整改，不断改进护理工作质量，这样使护理质量控制工作采取定期与不定期相结合，使护理质量始终处于受控状态。

四、做好质量控制反馈

科室定期开展病人对护理工作满意度调查护理部也可以不定期到各科室发放调查问卷表，以病人的需求、病人的评价、病人的期望来测评护理工作的服务态度和服务质量，对调查结果进行分析整理，并将结果反馈给科室及本人，科室对存在的问题及时进行总结讨论，分析前因后果，采取有效的对策。

通过上述的质量管理控制方法，树立“质量第一”的观念，落实好前馈控制、同期控制和反馈控制的各项措施，使护士的服务意识明显提高。变原来的“要我增强服务质量意识”转变为“我要增强服务质量意识”。护理质量控制是医院护理管理的永恒主题，患者满意度才是衡量护理质量的重要指标，应把护理质量控制定位在是否满足患者的健康需要上，在质量控制中注重持续质量改进，注重评价护理过程和成效，使患者真正从护理质量控制中受益，真正享受舒适、安全满意的护理服务。

人格的心得体会篇7

通过学习《积极心理学与教师心理调适》，我学会了很多，书中讲述的知识和道理是我的永远的收获与收藏，让我获益匪浅。以后要是有机会，要多学些心理方面的知识，努力把自己的人生摆个好姿势。如果可能，也可以帮助别的人，走出困惑，找到希望。

有兄弟两人，哥哥叫乐观，弟弟叫悲观，两个人一起洗手，一盆清水端过来了，两个人洗了手，但水还是很干净，这时，悲观说：“水还是这么干净，怎么手上的泥还是洗不掉啊”，乐观却说：“水还是这么干净，原来我的手一点都不脏啊”。几天后，兄弟俩又一起洗手，洗完了手，盆里的清水变得很脏了，悲观就说：“水变得这么脏啊，我的手怎么这么脏啊”，乐观却说：“水变得这么脏，瞧，我把手上的泥全洗掉了!”。一母所生的兄弟，面对一样的问题，因为拥有不同的心态，所得出的感受也是不一样的，真正的快乐是来自内心的，生活就像一面镜子，你对它笑，它就对你笑，你对它哭，它就对你哭。

生活中的欢笑与悲哀常常源于一个人看世界的那双眼睛。心中没有阳光的人，很难发现阳光的灿烂，心中没有花香的人，也难以感受花朵的芬芳。一个快乐的人，他眼中的世界也是快乐的，我们要用乐观的心态去真实地活在当下的每一天，遇事不钻牛角尖，不陷入完美主义情节，遇事冷静，懂得控制情绪。人生中偶尔也有悲伤，也有失落，但悲伤、失落过后，阳光依旧灿烂，幸福的感觉依然存在。简单的生活、给自己一个微笑，也是一种幸福!所以让自己学会快乐，不让悲伤包裹自己!

乐观、希望、信念、信任和信心这些关于未来的积极情绪，我们要学习拥有这些态度和品质，将快乐和积极情感扩展到最大并把痛苦和消极情绪缩减到最小，这样我们的生活会充满光明，未来也更为广阔!

人格的心得体会篇8

教师的职业是特殊的，作为谋生的手段，他是一种职业，但是一个魅力教师的工作过程与内涵却已涉及到了事业属性。所以在一个魅力教师心目中，教师是神圣的，从事教育事业，是可以笑对苍穹的乐事。不能以事业为驱动力的教师是无法完成和完全实现教育的塑造功能的。“学高为师，德高为范”在其身上不可能真正体现。拿起书本讲课，放下课本走人，对其他不闻不问的教师，充其量是一个简单劳动的“教书匠”，成就不了完整“教育工作者”的形象。

这学期学习了由周成平主编的《魅力教师的修炼》。里面有许多的理念和优秀教师的心得，需要我去追逐，去领会，去反思。每一项修炼都让我受到启发和深思，让我认识到自己在日常的教学和教育工作中的许多不足。每个修炼都可以成为我今后教育教学工作的指领。

在这里我要介绍自己体会最深的五点：

一、教师每天要多反思

善于思考必定受益无穷。思考可以化解矛盾的症结，使僵化的思维方式疏通，变得清晰，构建新的思维和理念。凡成大器的人都养成了善于思考的习惯。在平时的教育和教学实践中，我要持续不断、读思结合、以写促思、形成系统性的经验储备。

二、教师语言要有亲和力

教师的语言要具有亲和力，课堂上和学生进行知识和思想的交流，语言要自然亲切，热情明快；对学生的提问、辅导解答要不厌其烦；课下可以融入到学生中去，和学生进行无拘无束的交谈。学生学习上有失误或做了错事也能够循循善诱给予正确指导。学生生活中有苦恼或痛苦，教师要给予关爱，即使是一句温暖的话语，也会让学生心中燃起暖暖的爱意。

三、教师要与家长常沟通

与家长联系，这是每一个教师经常要做的工作。但往往是有事的时候才联系，而且多半是作业不交或者出了什么事故的时候才联系，所以，许多家长都条件反射似地怕接老师的电话。本次学习就提出很好的建议：教师应该在休息的时候，打两三个电话，与家长闲聊一会儿，了解一下学生在家的表现，学生的思想动态，以及家长对老师有些什么要求和建议等。平时加强与家长的联系，可以预防很多事故的发生，比“亡羊补牢”般的事后谈话效果更好。

四、教师在教学中要形成自己独特的风格

课堂教学是一门艺术，从书中学习的例子可以得出：设计独树一帜的个性化教学思路、寻求与众不同的个性化教学艺术、塑造别具一格的个性化教学风格、展现略高一筹的个性化教学品位。

魅力教师如何修炼呢？从“修炼”二字中，就可以看出其艰巨性，就好比孙悟空在八卦炉里炼就一双火眼金睛一样，是要历经诸多风雨，历尽无数煎熬的。无论是人格修炼、学识修炼、语言修炼，还是教学修炼，等等，都得日日行之，坚持不懈。

我心目中的魅力教师首先具有的优秀品质便是“爱无言”。爱是教育的本质内涵。教育是爱的教育，没有爱便没有了教育。知识的传授，文化的传承，都必须以“爱”为载体。爱同样也是教师的基本要求。学生的身心发展虽然处于逐渐成熟过程，可能存在着诸多差异，但一点却是每个学生都感同身受的，那就是对“爱”的感知。一个爱学生的老师，必然会受到学生的广泛欢迎，所谓“亲其师，信其道”，不仅含有能力因素，更多的是爱的元素。教师只有在爱的思想、观念的指导下，才能完成教育价值的实现。我想，苏霍姆林斯基的“热爱儿童”这四个字的内涵，也应该如此。

如果说爱是情感的源泉，事业是崇高的志向，那么教师要有渊博的学识则是深厚的积淀。要传授知识与技能，教师除了有一定的专业基础知识外，还必须有常人不具备的运用能力和传导能力。与此同时，教师还必须随着现代社会知识和技能的快速发展而不断充实自己，这样才能跟上教育发展的步伐，才能适应学生身心发展的规律。

只有成为一个“有心、懂爱、善思、勤学、律己”的人，才能形成教师的完美人格，才能成为一个真正意义上的魅力教师！

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